Familial Wilms Tumor and Related Syndromes
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs (of 10–12 cm in length, 5–7 cm in width, 2–3 cm in thickness, and 135–150 g in weight) that are located along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. Covered by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue (the renal capsule), the kidneys comprise an outlayer of soft, dense, vascular renal cortex, and an inner renal medulla, the latter of which is composed of seven cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by the cortical tissue (called renal columns of Bertin). Each kidney contains around 1 million individual nephrons (the functional units), which are made of renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle comprises the capillaries of the glomerulus that is surrounded by the glomerular capsule (or Bowman's capsule, a cup-shaped double layer of simple squamous epithelium with a hollow space between the layers). The glomerulus consists of podocytes and a basement membrane allowing water and certain solutes to be filtered across. Podocytes form a thin filter with the endothelium of the capillaries to separate urine from blood passing through the glomerulus. The outer layer of the glomerular capsule keeps the urine separated from the blood within the capsule. At the far end of the glomerular capsule is the mouth of the renal tubule, which carries urine from the glomerular capsule to the renal pelvis.
Renal Cancer
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Located along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity, the kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs of 10–12 cm in length, 5–7 cm in width, 2–3 cm in thickness, and 135–150 g in weight, which are covered by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue (the renal capsule). Underneath the renal capsule is the soft, dense, vascular renal cortex, and further down is the renal medulla, which consists of seven cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by the cortical tissue called renal columns (of Bertin). The bases of the renal pyramids are oriented outward toward the renal cortex, and their apexes point inward toward the center of the kidney. Each apex connects to a minor calyx (a small hollow tube), which merges to form three larger major calyces, and then form the hollow renal pelvis at the center of the kidney. The renal pelvis exits the kidney at the renal hilus (on the concave side), where urine drains into the ureter.
IVIM MRI in the Kidney
Denis Le Bihan, Mami Iima, Christian Federau, Eric E. Sigmund in Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) MRI, 2018
The kidneys are the best perfused organs of the human body. They receive 30% of the circulating blood volume, while weighing <1% of the total body mass. The renal main function is filtration of blood and elimination of substances to maintain hemostasis of the body. Anatomically, the renal parenchyma consists of two major structures: the peripheral, relatively thin renal cortex directly beneath the renal capsule and the inner renal medulla. The functional unit of the kidney is the so-called nephron (spanning both the cortex and the medulla), consisting of a glomerulus with its proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Glomerular filtration takes place in the cortex, which receives approximately 90% of the renal blood flow. While approximately 20% of the blood volume is extracted (extraction fraction), only a small fraction is ultimately excreted. Resorptive tubular processes take place in the medulla, which is supplied by efferent vessels. Due to its relative hypoperfusion, the medulla works almost under hypoxic conditions and thus oxygen saturation is susceptible to changes in perfusion. Perfusion and filtration are autoregulated and not necessarily proportional.
Aging erythrocyte membranes as biomimetic nanometer carriers of liver-targeting chromium poisoning treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Qing Yao, Guobao Yang, Hao Wang, Jingzhou Liu, Jinpeng Zheng, Bai Lv, Meiyan Yang, Yang Yang, Chunsheng Gao, Yongxue Guo
Mice were intravenously injected with K2CrO4, and the treatment was started on the 8th day. After 14 days, HE staining of the sections of the main organs of the mice was observed, as shown in Figure 4(E). The liver and lungs of the K2CrO4 poisoning group were damaged to a certain extent. The liver, spleen, and lung tissues of the free-DMSA, DMSA-NLC, and AEM-DMSA-NP groups (compared to the K2CrO4-infected group) were not significantly affected. The HE staining of muscle fibers in each heart tissue was uniform, the epicardium was not thickened, some muscle spaces were not significantly enlarged or smaller, myocardial nuclei were round or oval, the transverse striations of muscle fibers were clear, and no eosinophilic lesions were seen in the muscle fibers (Huang et al., 2018). In the renal tissue, the renal capsule was smooth, the boundary between the cortex and medulla was obvious, the glomeruli in the renal cortex were normal and evenly distributed, and no obvious changes were observed in the renal medulla area. The brain tissue of each group was clear, the nerve cells were closely arranged, the nucleus was clear, and the cytoplasmic nucleus was clearly stained. The results showed that DMSA had low toxicity and a good effect on detoxifying chromium poisoning.
Microenvironment derived from metanephros transplantation inhibits the progression of acute kidney injury in glycerol-induced rat models
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Kailin Li, Yuan Chen, Jianye Zhang, Yong Guan, Chao Sun, Xian Li, Xiaoshuai Xie, Denglu Zhang, Xin Yu, Tongyan Liu, Xufeng Zhang, Feng Kong, Shengtian Zhao
Early treatment of acute renal injury is very important to prevent the deterioration of acute renal injury [31]. Early intervention can effectively promote the recovery of acute renal injury and avoid the outcome of chronic renal injury [32,33]. In previous studies, it has been reported that AKI is treated by drugs, such as suramin injected intravenously, quinacrine injected intraperitoneally, and so on [24,32,34,35]. In this study, we selected a 15-day embryo kidney and transplanted it under the renal capsule of the recipient rats. Compared with the traditional methods, such as intravenous injection and intraperitoneal injection [36,37], subcapsular metanephroi transplantation can ensure the continuity of treatment of recipient kidney. Moreover, because the metanephroi microenvironment grows under the renal capsule, its protective effect on the kidney is more targeted. Previous studies have determined that metanephroi microenvironment plays an important role in renal regeneration [10,38,39], prevention of vascular calcification [12], maintenance of blood pressure [13], and so on.
Astaxanthin Prevented Oxidative Stress in Heart and Kidneys of Isoproterenol-Administered Aged Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Mohammad Nazmul Alam, Md. Murad Hossain, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Nusrat Subhan, Md. Abdullah Al Mamun, Anayt Ulla, Hasan Mahmud Reza, Md. Ashraful Alam
The biochemical alterations mentioned in the preceding could be correlated with the histological changes in the kidney also, as shown in Figure 2. Histopathological analyses of the kidneys in the control group revealed a normal structure with a regular arrangement of the glomerulus (Figure 2A). In the ISO-treated rats, the kidneys exhibited severe pathological alterations: renal interstitial hemorrhage, focal necrosis, expansion and hyperemia in renal capsule, plasmolysis of epithelium, and cellular swelling of the renal tubular cell (Figure 2B). These observed effects in ISO-administered rats were ameliorated by astaxanthin treatment (Figure 2C). Sirius red staining showed that control rats only possessed baseline collagen deposition and no fibrosis in kidney section (Figure 2D). Moreover, fibrous scar was also noticed in kidney of ISO-administered rats (Figure 2E), which was further decreased by astaxanthin treatment (Figure 2F).
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