Multivariate Meta-Analysis
Christopher H. Schmid, Theo Stijnen, Ian R. White in Handbook of Meta-Analysis, 2020
Craig et al. (2002) systematically reviewed thermometry studies comparing temperatures taken at the ear and rectum in children, and of clinical interest is the accuracy of infrared ear thermometry for diagnosing fever. Eleven studies (2323 children) evaluated the accuracy of a “FirstTemp” branded ear thermometer in relation to an electronic rectal thermometer. Rectal temperature was the reference measure, as it is a well-established method of measuring temperature in children. However, measuring temperature at the ear is less invasive than measuring temperature at the rectum, and so ear measurements would be preferable if their diagnostic accuracy is adequate. All studies defined patients with an ear temperature of more than 38°C to be test positive, and the gold standard definition of fever was a rectal temperature of more than 38°C, consistent with NHS guidelines for diagnosing fever in children at the time of these studies. The studies included children already in hospital or attending accident and emergency, and so the observed prevalence of fever was high, around 50%.
Techniques for Isolation and Evaluation
Shojiro Inoué in Biology of Sleep Substances, 2020
Experimental samples were dissolved in artificial CSF (3 mM KCl, 1.15 mM CaCl2, and K. 96 mM MgCl2) in nonpyrogenic sterile saline (155 mM NaCl) and infused i.c.v. over a 45-or,90-min period at a rate of 3 μl/min. EEG, rectified slow-wave EEG (0.5 to 4 Hz), and bodily movements were recorded during the infusion period and for the next 6 h. Bodily movements were measured by a pressure transducer as pressure changed inside a water-filled tube attached to the EEG cable. Measurement of rectal temperature was done intermittently. Control recordings of 6 h were obtained from uninfused rabbits. A rotary commutator allowed unrestrained movement of the rabbits.
Age-Related Changes in the Autonomic Nervous System
David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni in Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
Temperature exhibits a strong circadian rhythm with a nadir in the early hours of the morning. Basal temperatures in elderly subjects are not different from those of young subjects but the circadian rhythm of temperature may change with age. Vitiello et al (1986) studied the rectal temperature from 10 young and 8 elderly men during 24 hour periods. The elderly demonstrated a decrease in variation and amplitude of temperature over the 24 hours. The nadir during the early morning was higher in aged men at 36.7 degrees versus 36.4 degrees in younger individuals. The time of the nadir was similar in young and old subjects (between 2:00 - 6:00 a.m.).
Screening criteria for increased susceptibility to heat stress during work or leisure in hot environments in healthy individuals aged 31–70 years
Published in Temperature, 2018
Andreas D. Flouris, Ryan McGinn, Martin P. Poirier, Jeffrey C. Louie, Leonidas G. Ioannou, Lydia Tsoutsoubi, Ronald J. Sigal, Pierre Boulay, Stephen G. Hardcastle, Glen P. Kenny
Given the known limitations of single-point core temperature measurements,33 core temperature was measured in the rectum, the esophagus, and in the visceral organs. Rectal temperature was measured by inserting a thermocouple probe (Mon-a-therm General Purpose Temperature Probe, Mallinckrodt Medical, St. Louis, MO) to a minimum of 12 cm past the anal sphincter. The same type of temperature probe was inserted ∼40 cm past the nostril and into the esophagus for the measurement of esophageal temperature. Visceral temperature was measured using a telemetric pill (VitalSense, Mini Mitter Company Inc., USA) which moves freely and unobstructed through the digestive tract and is typically eliminated within 48 hours of ingestion. Skin temperature was measured at four sites using 0.3-mm diameter T-type thermocouples (Concept Engineering, Old Saybrook, CT, USA) attached to the skin with surgical tape. Mean skin temperature was subsequently calculated using the four skin temperatures weighted to the following regional proportions: upper back, 30%; chest, 30%; quadriceps, 20%; and back calf, 20%. All temperature data were collected continuously using a HP Agilent data acquisition module (model no. 3497A) at a sampling rate of 15 sec and simultaneously displayed and recorded in spreadsheet format on a personal computer with LabVIEW software (version 7.0; National Instruments Corp., Austin, TX, USA). Average values for the baseline period as well as each exercise bout were calculated and used for analysis.
The effect of injected dose on localized tumor accumulation and cardiac uptake of doxorubicin in a Vx2 rabbit tumor model using MR-HIFU mild hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomes
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Bingbing Cheng, Chenchen Bing, Robert M. Staruch, Sumbul Shaikh, Michelle Wodzak Staruch, Debra Szczepanski, Noelle S. Williams, Theodore W. Laetsch, Rajiv Chopra
Animals were assigned randomly into three dose groups: 0.1 mg/kg (n = 10), 0.5 mg/kg (n = 10), and 2.5 mg/kg (n = 7). The other 8 animals were treated, but excluded either due to muscle spasm during the treatment or inadequate heating. On day of treatment, animals with bilateral tumors were anesthetized with a mixture of 2–3.5% isoflurane and 1-2 L/min of 100% oxygen. An intravenous catheter was placed in the ear vein of the rabbit for the administration of drugs and contrast agents. A pulse oximeter (Nonin 8600 V, Plymouth, MN, USA) was attached to the animal’s paw to monitor heart rate, oxygen saturation, and depth of anesthesia. A rectal temperature probe (T1, Neoptix, Quebec, Canada) was used to monitor and record the core body temperature throughout the treatment. Hair over the animal’s thighs was removed using an electric trimmer and depilatory cream. After preparation, the animal was transferred to the MR-HIFU tabletop with a temperature-controlled water bath to maintain the animal’s body temperature during treatment. The animal was positioned on its side, with ultrasound gel applied at the interface between the thigh and the acoustic window, and between the hind legs to avoid undesired reflections of the ultrasound beam. A saline bag was placed between the legs to prevent any heating of the tumor in the contralateral leg. Two extra temperature probes were placed in the water bath and on the animal’s skin. The animals body temperature was between 36 and 37 °C before the treatment started to avoid any unintentional drug release.
Chronic testosterone administration improves cardiac contractility and has a beneficial effect on the haemostatic system by enhancing fibrinolytic activity and inducing hypocoagulation in healthy rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Naif M. Alhawiti, Sultan A. Alqahtani
One day after measuring BT, each rat was anesthetised with 1% solution of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and was placed on a heated table to prevent hypothermia. Body temperature was continuously monitored using a rectal temperature probe. Also, an eye lubricant was also applied to both eyes in order to prevent corneal injury. Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were successfully done after which the right femoral artery was cleared and cannulated with a 24G catheter fluid filled pressure transducer (MLT0670, AD Instruments, New South Wales, Australia) which in turn was connected to a bridge amplifier (FE117 BP Amp, AD Instruments, New South Wales, Australia) to measure blood pressure (BP). Concomitantly, three ECG surface electrodes (MLA1214, AD Instruments, New South Wales, Australia) were attached to the skin of the rat to record ECG signals. Then, an open chest surgery was performed, and a precalibratedSPR-320 pressure Millar catheter attached to the bridge amplifier was directly stabbed in the left ventricle to record LV end-systolic pressure (LVESP), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) as well as maximal and minimum rate of rising in LV pressure (±LVdp/dt). All data were recorded for 10 min and were collected into a PowerLab data acquisition system (ML780 PowerLab/8 channels, AD Instruments Ltd., Australia) and analysed using the supported LabChart Pro 7.2 software (AD Instruments, New South Wales, Australia).
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