Non-Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple in Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Pathogenesis:Insult (bacterial, chemical, or physical such as a catheter).Pseudostratified columnar epithelium → stratified squamous epitheliumSplits develop in the epithelium.Urine extravasation occurs (no subepithelial layer c.f. muscularis).Fibrosis develops in the spongiosis tissue.Repetitive insults cause more fibrosis.Coalescence of fibrous plaques leads to circumferential fibrosis.Constriction of the urethral lumen.Obstruction leads to squamous metaplasia upstream.Proximal propagation of stricture.
Toxicokinetics
Frank A. Barile in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The vestibule of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx is covered by olfactory epithelium. This mucous membrane lining consists of an extensive network of capillaries and pseudostratified columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells. Inspired air enters the nasal conchae and is warmed by circulating blood in the capillaries, while mucus secreted by the goblet cells moistens the air and traps airborne particles. Thus, several factors facilitate rapid dissolution and absorption of drugs administered through the nasal route: 1. the vast surface area provided by the capillary circulation and epithelial cells in the mucous membranes; 2. the ability to trap dissolved and particulate substances; and 3. the phospholipid secretions of the nasal mucosa (resulting in a relatively neutral pH). Nonionized drugs are more rapidly absorbed in this compartment relative to their ionized counterparts.
Histogenesis of Irreversible Changes in the Female Genital Tract After Perinatal Exposure to Hormones and Related Substances
Takao Mori, Hiroshi Nagasawa in Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life, 2020
Based on results from several different types of studies, researchers concluded that the pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the mouse Mullerian vagina undergoes a transformation into a squamous epithelium.2 Parallel with this transformation is a high mitotic activity. Cells arising in the columnar epithelium migrate basally, forming a basal epithelial zone of small cuboidal cells which are the origin of the adult squamous epithelium. Superficially in the epithelium, there is a zone of remaining columnar cells. Under estrogen stimulation, the cells in the basal zone proliferate and cornify with shedding of the superficial columnar cells. The transformation progresses into the CCC until it reaches the level of the squamo-columnar junction, situated in the uppermost part of the CCC of the NMRI mouse strain used in our laboratory. Vaginal morphogenesis is similar in the mouse and the rat but initial stages occurring in the mouse after birth appear in the rat shortly before birth.
The efficacy of OK-432 sclerotherapy on thyroglossal duct cyst and the influence on a subsequent surgical procedure
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Tomoyasu Tachibana, Shin Kariya, Yorihisa Orita, Takuma Makino, Takenori Haruna, Yuko Matsuyama, Yasutoshi Komatsubara, Yuto Naoi, Michihiro Nakada, Yoji Wani, Soichiro Fushimi, Machiko Hotta, Katsuya Haruna, Tami Nagatani, Yasuharu Sato, Kazunori Nishizaki
Surgical results following OK-432 sclerotherapy are shown in Table 3. During the present study, seven patients with TDC underwent surgical treatment without sclerotherapy. The average operating time of five patients with OK432 sclerotherapy and seven patients without OK-432 sclerotherapy was 95 and 106 minutes, respectively, resulting in no significant difference (p = .48). In all the patients in the two groups, the amount of bleeding was less than 20 mL. In the present study, pseudostratified columnar epithelium (PCE) was observed in all the cases (Figure 2). In the cyst wall, stratified squamous epithelium (SSE) was observed in two cases with poor response to OK-432 sclerotherapy, and lymphocyte infiltration was absent in two cases with no response to OK-432 sclerotherapy. None of the five cases with OK-432 sclerotherapy showed recurrence following surgical treatment.
The efficacy of Origanum majorana nanocubosomal systems in ameliorating submandibular salivary gland alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Dina B. E. Farag, Carol Yousry, Abdulaziz Mohsen Al-Mahallawi, Hesham I. El-Askary, Meselhy R. Meselhy, Nermeen AbuBakr
Finally, well-organized, normally architected parenchymal elements were observed in group IV (DM + OE-NC4). The acini demonstrated a normal configuration, lined by neatly arranged pyramidal cells, having granular basophilic cytoplasm and rounded basally situated nuclei. The acinar cells’ septum was clearly observed. The GCTs presented normal features with distinct ductal boundaries and orderly arranged lining cells, containing characteristic eosinophilic granules. The striated ducts were lined by columnar cells with rounded nuclei and intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm with basal striations (Figure 4(D)). A neatly arranged pseudostratified columnar epithelium was clearly observed lining the excretory ducts. The ducts were surrounded by a relatively well-organized fibrous connective tissue stroma containing regular normal blood vessels (Figure 5(D)).
Epithelial cell dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: the epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Jing Yuan, Ming Wang, Chengshuo Wang, Luo Zhang
The nasal respiratory epithelium is a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, consisting of ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, and non-ciliated columnar cells [7,8]. Nasal epithelial cells form the first mechanical barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the submucosa. When the epithelium is damaged, the basal cells, which act as stem cells, proliferate and migrate to the damaged area, where they differentiate into ciliated cells or goblet cells to reconstruct epithelium to restore the barrier function [9]. In addition to the epithelial barrier, ciliated cells and goblet cells also form another effective defensive barrier known as mucociliary clearance, which traps and removes particles and gases dissolved in the mucus. Goblet cells and the submucosal plasma-secreting glands secrete large amounts of fluid to form a mucus blanket that adheres to the epithelial surface and traps pathogens and inhaled particles, whereas ciliated cells beat in metachronal waves to propel the pathogens and inhaled particles that are trapped in the mucous layer out of the airways [10,11].