A to Z Entries
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The posterior muscles of the ankle and foot are gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior. As a group, these muscles cross the back of the ankle and plantarflex the ankle. Gastrocnemius is the large two-headed muscle that forms the bulk of the calf and also flexes the knee (see knee – muscles) and supinates the foot. The next largest muscle of the calf is soleus, which lies deep to the gastrocnemius; its action is purely plantarflexing the ankle. Between these two muscles lies the small plantaris muscle, which makes a minor contribution to flexing the knee and plantarflexing the ankle. Deep to these muscles lies popliteus; this muscle contributes to flexing the knee and internally rotating the tibia. Flexors digitorum and hallucis longus flex the four lesser toes and great toe respectively. Tibialis posterior supinates the foot in addition to plantarflexing the ankle. Two muscles are situated laterally on the leg, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. Their role is pronating the foot and plantarflexing the ankle. The intrinsic muscles of the foot contribute to movement of the toes. There are many muscles within the foot, with the muscles of the dorsum of the foot being four layers deep.
Lower Extremity Surgical Anatomy
Armstrong Milton B. in Lower extremity Trauma, 2006
The contents of each compartment are listed below: ThighAnterior: tensor fascia lata, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, iliacus, psoas, superficial femoral artery (SFA), and saphenous nerve.Medial: pectineus, gracilis, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, obturator, profundus femoris artery, deep saphenous vein, and obturator nerve.Posterior: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, and sciatic nerve.LegAnterior: tibialis anterior, EHL, EDL, peroneus tertius muscle, anterior tibial vessels (one artery and paired veins), and deep peroneal nerve. Lateral: peroneus brevis (PB), peroneus longus (PL), and superficial peroneal nerve.Superficial deep: gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris.Deep posterior: tibialis posterior, FHL, peroneal vessels, posterior tibial vessels, tibial nerve, and FDL.
The Leg
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause in Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
The peroneus longus arises from the proximal portion, the peroneus brevis - situated more deeply - from the distal aspect of the lateral surface of the fibula. The tendons of the two muscles pass posterior to the lateral malleolus and then turn obliquely forward. The peroneus brevis inserts upon the fifth metatarsal bone (posterior to the insertion of the peroneus tertius). The peroneus longus passes about the lateral aspect of the foot into the sole, inserting medially upon the first cuneiform and first metatarsal. Both the peroneus longus and the peroneus brevis are evertors of the foot.
Isolating the Superficial Peroneal Nerve Motor Branch to the Peroneus Longus Muscle with Concentric Stimulation during Diagnostic Motor Nerve Biopsy
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2022
Ashley Rosenberg, Rachel Pruitt, Sami Saba, Justin W. Silverstein, Randy S. D’Amico
Arising from the sciatic nerve, the CPN travels in the posterior thigh to cross the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle to enter the anterolateral portion of the leg just below the fibular head. Here, the CPN divides into articular, deep, and superficial divisions (Figure 3A). The articular division innervates the joint capsule. The DPN innervates the anterior leg muscles responsible for dorsiflexion and terminates in a cutaneous branch between the first and second toe. The SPN provides motor innervation to the peroneus longus and the peroneus brevis only. Otherwise, the SPN provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral leg below the knee (D’Amico and Winfree 2017). The peroneus longus and peroneus brevis are located in the lateral portion of the leg and function primarily to evert the ankle, with the peroneus brevis considered more effective as an evertor than the peroneus longus (Lee et al. 2011). Both muscles also function in conjunction with the tibialis posterior in plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle (D’Amico and Winfree 2017).
Lateral ankle anatomical variants predisposing to peroneal tendon impingement
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Mahmoud Agha, Mohamed Saied Abdelgawad, Nasser Gamal Aldeen
Another similar Peroneal tendons impinging factor could be seen, which is the low lying PB muscle belly. It may add more crowding to the structures of the RMG, as this may lead to significant stenosis in the RMG and increases the vulnerability of the PB tendon or SPR to be torn. The position of PB musculotendinous junction is highly variable, a low-lying PB muscle belly is considered, only if its belly is still seen at a location >15 mm distal to the distal fibular tip. In this study we diagnosed this PB muscle belly variant position in 29 (16%) patients, 44.9% of them had tendinous injuries (Fig. 6B). Nearby results of the presence of this accessory muscle (peroneus quartus) was published by Cheung et al.18 Some orthopedics recommend elective resection of a low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly and peroneus quartus muscle in the RMG, which will allow a better gliding ability of the peroneus brevis and longus tendons as they course around the ankle. This will help to avoid or limit the peroneal tendons injury around the ankle.19,20
Utilization of Perifascial Loose Areolar Tissue Grafting as an Autologous Dermal Substitute in Extremity Burns
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Burak Özkan, Burak Ergün Tatar, Abbas Albayati, Cagri Ahmet Uysal
A 35-year-old man sustained high-voltage electrical burns. He had third-degree lower and upper extremity burns on 8% of the total body surface. He underwent immediate debridement and peroneus brevis muscle flap reconstruction to cover the exposed lower one-third of the defect. The tibialis anterior tendon and distal one-third of the fibula became exposed 2 weeks after the operation (Figure 8). In a second operation, a PAT graft was harvested from the abdomen and applied on the exposed tibialis anterior tendon. The PAT graft was laid over the exposed tendon, with full contact to the surrounding granulation tissue. It was simultaneously covered with a meshed skin graft at a meshing ratio of 3:1 (Figure 9). The PAT grafts completely survived. The skin graft showed partial necrosis. The patient was followed up with conventional wound care, and the defects were fully epithelized in 1 month after the operation. An image of the patient taken 6 months after the operation is shown in Figure 10.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ankle
- Fibula
- Fibularis Longus
- Superficial Fibular Nerve
- Lateral Compartment of Leg
- Septum
- Fibular Retinacula
- Calcaneus
- Fifth Metatarsal Bone
- Foot