Upper Limb Muscles
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo in Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Panniculus carnosus is a cutaneous muscle sheet arising from the pectoral muscle mass and covering various trunk regions (Smith et al. 2015). It is present in many mammals and derives from the pectoralis muscle of amphibians and reptiles (Diogo et al. 2018). Bergman et al. (1988) state that panniculus carnosus is represented only by vestigial remnants in humans, which may present as extra muscular slips in the pectoral region. These slips may have attachments to the abdominal aponeurosis, rectus sheath, serratus anterior fascia, axillary fascia, the fascia between coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor, the humerus, or the coracoid process (Bergman et al. 1988). Several muscles in adult humans are considered to be remnants of panniculus carnosus, including some craniofacial muscles, platysma, pectorodorsalis, sternalis, abdominal external oblique, palmaris brevis, and potentially several other striated muscles in the upper limb, pectoral region, and trunk (Naldaiz-Gastesi et al. 2018).
Fascial Anatomy
David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey in Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
The superficial fascia is homologous to the cutaneous muscle layer (panniculus carnosus) found in other mammals. Indeed, even in the human, muscle fibers can be found in the superficial fascia, particularly in the neck (referred to as the platysma muscle), in the face (the superficial muscular aponeurotic system, or SMAS), in the anal region (external anal sphincter), and in the scrotum (the dartos fascia). Functionally, the superficial fascia can participate in the integrity of the skin and provide support for subcutaneous structures. Furthermore, within the superficial fascia, many nerve fibers can be observed. On bony prominences and at some ligamentous folds, the superficial fascia adheres to the deep fascia. In some regions, the superficial fascia splits, forming special compartments, particularly around major subcutaneous veins and lymphatic vessels, with fibrous septa that extend out to attach to vessel walls. For example, the main superficial veins reside within the superficial fascia that splits into two sublayers to envelop these veins. The adventitia of these veins is connected with the superficial fascia by thin ligaments, ensuring their patency and preventing displacement of veins during movement.
Skin Microcirculation
John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger in Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Though this model is considered to be a skin preparation, in fact what is viewed through the microscope is the panniculus carnosus muscle, which is a very thin layer of striated muscle found immediately beneath and firmly attached to subcutaneous fat and the skin. Remnants of this muscle are found in humans. However, in loose-skinned animals, it is highly developed and its contractions permit these animals to shake off insects and debris from their fur. Through the microscope, muscle rather than skin capillaries are seen, due mainly to the significantly higher density of capillaries in the former compared to the latter (see Section LA).
Impairment of wound healing by reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL®) in a Göttingen minipig® model
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Jessica M. Connolly, Robert S. Stevenson, Roy F. Railer, Offie E. Clark, Kimberly A. Whitten, Robyn B. Lee-Stubbs, Dana R. Anderson
Additionally, although rodent models are established in the area of wound-healing research, they possess several dermatological dissimilarities to humans. They are described as loose-skinned animals with a contractile wound healing phenotype partly due to the panniculus carnosus muscle that is not present in humans15–18. This produces rapid wound closure post injury which is dissimilar from the re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation that predominates in humans18. Additionally, rodents have a higher epidermal appendage density and non-similar hair follicles when compared to humans. Their skin thickness is disproportionate from humans and it is difficult to recreate a partial-thickness lesion15–18. The inherent differences in skin physiology and healing mechanisms of rodents warrant the use of a more anatomically and physiologically similar model to humans when assessing the effect of RSDL on superficial wound healing.
A porcine model of skin wound infected with a polybacterial biofilm
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Pavel Klein, Martin Sojka, Jan Kucera, Jana Matonohova, Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Nemec, Gabriela Kubickova, Rastislav Slavkovsky, Katarzyna Szuszkiewicz, Petr Danek, Miroslav Rozkot, Vladimir Velebny
Rodent wound healing models are easy to set up; however, the skin of rodents differs greatly from humans. In addition, due to the presence of panniculus carnosus, the skin wounds of rodents heal mainly by contraction. On the other hand, the skin of pigs resembles human skin anatomically, physiologically and biochemically and like human skin, it heals predominantly by re-epithelization. This makes the pig a very valuable in vivo wound healing model (Sullivan et al. 2001; Seaton et al. 2015). Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a reliable and clinically relevant model of a wound infected by an implanted Lubbock biofilm, which could be used to test antimicrobial wound therapies and to study the pathogenesis of infected wounds. The model should satisfy these criteria: (1) a wound infected with a polymicrobial biofilm; (2) with a significantly extended inflammatory phase and delayed onset of granulation; that (3) enables photo-documentation, withdrawal of biopsies and dressing changes twice weekly during the time of healing.
Chitosan-biotin topical film: preparation and evaluation of burn wound healing activity
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Faisal Al-Akayleh, Nisrein Jaber, Mayyas Al-Remawi, Ghazi Al Odwan, Nidal Qinna
The mice were divided into groups, each of six animals. After induction of anesthesia, the shaved dorsal skin of the animals was removed, as described earlier. The epidermal, dermal, hypodermal, and panniculus carnosus layers were obliterated from a predetermined region, forming a 7-mm diameter circular wound area. Group 1 wounds were treated by placing a plain film of CS on the wound with the same wound size. The weight of CS film was around 20 mg. Group 2 wounds were treated with a film of CS/BIO. The CS/BIO 4:1 film weight used was around 20 mg containing 4 mg BIO. Group 3 wounds were left uncovered (untreated negative control) in the open environment, and the animals were kept individually in separate cages. The diameter in the wound area was measured in mm using a caliper every three-day interval. The decrease in the wound size was monitored based on the percent wound contraction according to Equation (1)
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dartos
- Platysma Muscle
- Striated Muscle Tissue
- Scrotum
- Subcutaneous Tissue
- Panniculus Adiposus
- Palmaris Brevis Muscle