Rhubarb
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
The leaves are large, soft, orbicular or broadly ovate, toothed or lobed, obtuse apex, cordate base, entire margin, 5–7 nerved, papillose beneath subscaberulous. Leaves are in basal clumps with scary stipules and have a long fleshy petiole. The stem is stout, erect, glabrous, sulcate, branch and panicle leafy. There is a green and brown color streak. Flowers are small (~ 3.2 mm diameter), dark purple or pale red or greenish-white in color, grouped, pedicellate and axillary panicle inflorescence. Flowers are bisexual or polygamo-monoecious having 5 sepals and 6–9 stamens. Ovary comprises 2–4 angled rhomboid-obovoid ovaries. Stigma is dilated capitates, oblate, muricate or horse-shoe shaped. The nut is 2–4 winged, very much larger than the usually unchanged sepals. Fruits are ovoid-oblong, about 13 mm long, purple in color, cordate base, notched apex and wings narrower than the disk. Seeds are flat and grey in color when ripened. The root is thick, woody, stout, long, and darker in color with a peculiar pungent aroma. The rhizome is long (~ 6–12 inch long) and dull orange to yellowish-brown in color with a cambium line. The outer surface is irregularly longitudinally wrinkled, covered with the brownish or yellowish-brown cortex. The transverse section shows white and red parallel lines and continuous rings of star-spots with starch and calcium oxalate in parenchymatous cells. The morphology description above is collected from the literature (CSIR 1972, Polunin and Stainton 1997, Li et al. 2003, Ghimire et al. 2008).
A Functional Approach to Gynecologic Pain
Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett in Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
In reproductive-age women, under normal circumstances, the ovary releases an egg (ovulation), which is taken up by one of the fallopian tubes. Sperm enters the uterus, swims into the fallopian tubes, and can fertilize this egg. If the egg is fertilized, pregnancy has occurred and the fertilized egg (embryo) transits down the tube and implants in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). If the egg is not fertilized, a series of hormone changes signals the brain to instruct the body to slough off the endometrium so that the body can try again for pregnancy next cycle. This is the signal for a normal menstrual period. The uterus is an organ made of muscle. The job of the muscle (myometrium) is to squeeze the baby out when that time comes. As the menstrual bleed ends, the hormones again come on-line, and the glandular endometrium begins to thicken in an effort to provide a hospitable environment for a pregnancy to implant. This thickened endometrium is approximately 10 mm at mid-cycle ovulation.
Common Tips on Communication
Justin C Konje in Complete Revision Guide for MRCOG Part 3, 2020
Borderline ovarian tumours are abnormal cells that form in the tissue covering the ovary. They are not cancerous and are treated by surgery, which is usually a complete cure. Approximately 15 in 100 cases (15%) of ovarian tumours are borderline tumours. These tumours are different from ovarian cancer because their growth is limited, and they never invade the supportive tissue of the ovary, called the stroma. They are also called low malignant potential (the possibility to become cancerous) tumours as they tend to grow slowly and in a more controlled manner when compared to cancer cells. Most ovarian tumours are either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Ovarian cancer develops when cells grow uncontrollably on the surface of the ovary and are able to spread to other organs. Borderline tumours arise from the same type of cells, but their growth is much more controlled, and they are usually not able to spread. These abnormal cells are also from the same area as cancer cells, but they are not cancerous.
Ovarian reserve analysis in subfertile women based on physical, ultrasound and hormonal parameters
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Generally, the ovarian function of a female depends on not only age but also the strength of the ovary. Hence childbearing complexities and decisions about the rectification through assisted reproductive technology (ART) should not be made only with physical parameters like age. Awareness must be created in young women with diminished ovarian reserve (OR) that despite their age, they are in the urge to uptake ART. On the other hand, women with a good ovarian reserve and belonging the age >30 have to be motivated by the fact that they can conceive without the aid of ART. Hence, the proper assessment of physical, hormonal and biological parameters enables the precise utilization of ART among females. Hence, the present study focused on establishing the correlation between physical parameters such as BMI, menstrual cycle length and age with ultrasound and hormonal parameters.
Hyperandrogenism Protects Against High Blood Pressure by Nongenomic Mechanisms and Obesity Causes Hypertension in Females with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Published in Endocrine Research, 2023
Mercedes Perusquía, Nieves Herrera, Jaime Jasso-Kamel, Lorena González, Nohemí Alejandre
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition of ovarian dysfunction that affects 6 to 10% of women of reproductive age. This reproductive disorder is particularly recognized in the Rotterdam Consensus criteria1 by: (i) oligoanovulation; (ii) clinical and/or biological hyperandrogenism; and (iii) ultrasound criteria, i.e., ovarian volume >10 cm3, antral follicular count > 12. Additionally, the Androgen Excess Society recommended hyperandrogenism as a mandatory criterion for the diagnosis of PCOS.2 Usually, women with PCOS exhibit hypertension as well.3 It has been accepted that hyperandrogenemia in women with PCOS is associated with elevated systolic and diastolic BP.4–8 Reckelhoff and colleagues have reported some potential mechanisms by which androgens may develop hypertension, revised in.8 However, a limited number of publications have assessed the prevalence of hypertension in PCOS patients with inconclusive results.9 Thus, whether androgens contribute to hypertension in women with PCOS is still controversial and has not been clearly shown.
Acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal mood disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Published in Climacteric, 2023
J. Wang, Y. Liao, Y. You, W. Liang, L. Wan, H. Yang, J. Liu, Y. Li, X. Wang, G. Nie
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation as the failure of ovary function. Decreased estrogen levels are associated with a wide range of symptoms that affect not only physical health, but also mental health. Furthermore, studies show that bothersome menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, sweats and sleeping problems, put women at a higher risk of mood disorders [1,2]. Depression and anxiety have been reported as two frequent mood complaints among menopausal women. Results from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Mental Health Study (SWAN MHS) have shown a three-fold increase in the risk of major depression during the late perimenopausal or postmenopausal period, compared with the premenopausal or early perimenopausal period [3]. Additionally, women have more anxiety symptoms at perimenopause and postmenopausal (odds ratio, 1.56–1.61) [4].
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