Short answer questions (SAQs)
Tristan Barrett, Nadeem Shaida, Ashley Shaw, Adrian K. Dixon in Radiology for Undergraduate Finals and Foundation Years, 2018
In this case the finding was due to fluorosis. Causes of osteosclerosis include: Fluorosis.Osteopetrosis.Diffuse osteosclerotic metastases (from prostate cancer, breast cancer, etc.).Mastocytosis.Myelofibrosis.Pyknodysostosis.Melorheostosis.Osteopoikilosis.Hyperparathyroidism.Sickle cell disease.Oxalosis.Paget’s disease.Renal osteodystrophy.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita in Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
Bone cancer can be osteolytic (bone destroying, as in multiple myeloma, breast, kidney, and thyroid cancer), osteosclerotic (bone-forming, as in prostate, bladder, and lung cancer), or mixed osteolytic and osteosclerotic (as in breast and lung cancer). In vivo studies have shown that cancerinduced resorption is due to the activity of osteoclasts (the cells that break down bone), and is not a direct effect of the cancer itself. Overall, osteolytic lesions result from greater osteoclast than osteoblast cellular activity, resulting in uncoupled bone resorption. That is, there is no negative feedback mechanism to halt the process [20]. Increased numbers of osteoclasts have been shown in animal models of bone cancer; these high numbers may correlate with bone cancer pain. Limiting osteoclastic activity in bone metastases may reduce bone cancer pain [21]. Both osteolytic and osteoblastic cancers are characterized by osteoclast proliferation and hypertrophy [22].
Individual conditions grouped according to the international nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders*
Christine M Hall, Amaka C Offiah, Francesca Forzano, Mario Lituania, Michelle Fink, Deborah Krakow in Fetal and Perinatal Skeletal Dysplasias, 2012
Radiographic features: there is generalised osteosclerosis. The long bones are all short and undermodelled with smooth rounded metaphyses. The skull is disproportionately large with widely open fontanelles and sutures and there are multiple wormian bones. There is a wide biparietal diameter. The ribs and clavicles are short resulting in a small thorax. The ribs are wide. There is delayed ossification of the pubic rami. The first metacarpals are disproportionately short. There is bilateral talipes equinovarus.
Paget’s disease of bone: an update on epidemiology, pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2018
Luigi Gennari, Domenico Rendina, Tommaso Picchioni, Simone Bianciardi, Maria Materozzi, Ranuccio Nuti, Daniela Merlotti
Using a similar approach, a mutation in a novel gene, FKBP5, was related to PDB in a Chinese family with 4 affected individuals [82]. This gene encodes for FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), which is a known regulator of NF-κB activation and Akt phosphorylation [83–85]. The identified mutation, V55L, was located at codon 163 within exon 4 and was associated with enhanced Akt phosphorylation and kinase activity in cells. Further analysis using FKBP51V55L knock-in transgenic mice evidenced that mutated osteoclast precursors with enhanced Akt phosphorylation are hyperresponsive to RANKL and the deriving osteoclasts displayed more intensive bone resorbing activity than osteoclasts derived from the control mice [82]. Moreover, micro-CT analysis revealed an intensive trabecular bone resorption pattern in FKBP51V55L mice, with the development of osteolytic bone lesions resembling the initial phase of PDB. However, aberrant osteoblastic activity and the development of osteosclerosis were not evidenced in this model, as well as cortical thickening and bone expansion.
Outcome of the Sauvé–Kapandji procedure for distal radioulnar joint disorder with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: Results of one-year follow-up
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2018
Mikinori Ikeda, Akira Kawabata, Keisuke Suzuki, Masahiko Toyama, Takeshi Egi
Nonunion is a serious complication of the SK procedure. Hardware replacement and bone grafting will be required to achieve union. Otherwise, the Darrach procedure may be selected, but it cannot stabilize the carpal bones enough and leads to instability of the carpal bones. A simplified technique in which no management of DRUJ is performed has been reported [9]. Although the surgical technique is simple, the rate of nonunion is high, making it difficult to be accepted. In the present study, arthrodesis was achieved in all cases, regardless of the cause, and no major difference was noted between the groups in terms of the clinical and radiography evaluation. In patients with RA, osteoclast activity causes systemic osteoporosis [15]. On the other hand, OA in DRUJ occurs subsequent to bone deformity and ligament lesion after trauma. During OA, osteosclerosis occurs because of the activity of the subchondral bone osteoblasts [16]. This is commonly associated with osteophytic changes. Reports of the treatment outcomes for the SK procedure usually cite RA as the cause, and there are few reports on the treatment outcomes with respect to OA.
Clinical features and radiological findings of 67 patients with SAPHO syndrome
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2018
Hiroshi Okuno, Munenori Watanuki, Yoshiyuki Kuwahara, Akira Sekiguchi, Yu Mori, Shin Hitachi, Keiki Miura, Ken Ogura, Mika Watanabe, Masami Hosaka, Masahito Hatori, Eiji Itoi, Katsumi Sato
Among these criteria, the typical bone lesions of SAPHO syndrome are hyperostosis and osteitis. Hyperostosis is characterized by chronic periosteal reaction and cortical thickening leading to bone hypertrophy [6]. Osteitis is an inflammation of the bones that affects the cortex and medullary cavity with unifocal or multifocal pattern [7,11]. Osteitis usually shows osteosclerosis, but it is often accompanied by erosions or osteolytic changes [12]. Osteolysis often precedes sclerotic changes [13,14]. We consider that the latter is particularly representative of bone lesions of SAPHO syndrome as pointed out by Aljuhani et al. [15] and Colina [16]. Compared with previous studies [5,8,9,17], no significant differences were found among the clinical features, such as the male–female ratio, mean age at onset, duration to diagnosis, and distribution of lesions (Table 3). Bone lesions were evidently involved in the majority of their cases, while the coincidence of dermatological conditions was a little lower. Govoni et al. reported the proposed classification criteria for SAPHO syndrome by Kahn MF in 2003 ACR 67th Annual Scientific Meeting [18] (Table 4). In the criteria, bone lesions were indispensable to the diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome. Imaging study showed that bone involvement in SAPHO syndrome is useful for the diagnosis [12]. Therefore, bone lesions are characteristics of SAPHO syndrome.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Sclerosis
- Medullary Cavity
- Cortex
- Radiography
- Legg–Calvé–Perthes Disease
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Osteoarthritis
- Paget'S Disease of Bone
- Primary Myelofibrosis
- Osteomyelitis