Biocultural Perspectives on Health and Disease
Debra L. Martin, Anna J. Osterholtz in Bodies and Lives in Ancient America, 2015
There is a variety of ways to conceptualize the tasks and objectives of bioarchaeologists, but at the heart of bioarchaeology is the analysis of the bodies and biological remnants of people who died. These remnants can be soft tissue in a variety of naturally or culturally altered states, but the great majority of bioarchaeology is focused on skeletonized remains. Bioarchaeologists are experts in human osteology and in the study of the evolution, structure, and function of skeletons and bone tissue. Bioarchaeologists are also often referred to as skeletal biologists with skeletal biology encompassing every facet of how bone and related tissues evolved from the earliest vertebrate fishes (phylogeny), as well as how bone growth and development are shaped by biomechanics, nutrition, hormones, culture, and other variables (ontogeny) and how bone changes or is altered when affected by disease (pathology).
Oss. (περὶ ὀστέων φύσιος, de ossium natura)
Elizabeth M. Craik in The ‘Hippocratic’ Corpus, 2014
Initially, at the beginning of the first part (1) an account is given of the bones in the human body: the words suggest that comparative anatomy is in the background and suggest also that the findings are based on a collaborative project, ‘what we ourselves have gathered about human bones’ (ἃ δ ̓ ἡμεῖς αὐτοὶ ἐξ ἀνθρώπου ὀστέων κατεμάθομεν). There is a return to the topic of bones at the beginning of the second part (11) when a new start is made in the introduction to the long, more sophisticated, connected account of vascular anatomy: a brief exploration of the purpose of bones, cords (neura), flesh and skin introduces a programmatic statement of intent as personal exegesis (δηλώσω ‘I shall demonstrate’; first person also πρότερον εἶπον ‘I previously said’ 12). It is plausible to suppose that a single voice can be identified in the two parallel passages on bones, the first perhaps a false start and the second an introduction to the culmination of the work (1 init.; 11–19). Both accounts of osteology begin asyndetically. That said, the style of these passages is quite distinct, arguably corresponding to a different purpose: initially, the language is terse and economical; in 11, it is flowery and poetic.
The human ideal and the real
Lesa Scholl in Medicine, Health and Being Human, 2018
European artists had difficulty because they were steeped in grand manner portraiture and they looked through the lens of Western aesthetics. Moreover, they could not distinguish between “accidental” (or cultural) differences and the “national” (or anatomical) indicators of race (Camper 1794, 14, 95). The solution to the lack of verisimilitude lay in anatomy, and especially osteology. Knowledge of the facial and cranial bones – “the truest basis” of the portrait – would prevent the artist from incorrectly blending the features of different races (96). Toward that end, Camper measured his own collection of skulls, including those of “apes, orangs, Negroes, the skull of a Hottentot, Madagascar, Celebese, Chinese, Monguller, Calmuck (Kalmyk), and diverse Europeans” with the hope that “differences might become more obvious” (50). From these activities, Camper formulated his well-known facial angle theory: the faces of classical Greek sculptures he measured at a 100-degree angle, while Roman sculptures were about 95; by comparison, the real-life European averaged at 80, the Kalmyk and Angolan at 70, the Orangutan at 58, and the tailed monkey at 42 (see Figures 9.8a and 9.8b).
Three-step Reduction Therapy of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2019
Wang Decheng, Shi Hao, Wang Zhongwei, Li Jiaming, Yang Bin, Hai Yong
Osteology and traumatology of traditional Chinese medicine has a long history and lots of work. Currently, reduction with bolster and reduction of hyperextension are commonly applied in clinic. With the development of medicine, only depending on manual reduction was not sufficient to achieve a completely restore, like the height of injured centrum and malformation of spine. Furthermore, the biomechanical structure of spine cannot restore completely and even manifest lumbago and backache and delayed neuropathy in later period.11 In modern period, people are inclined to choose internal fixation of fracture reduction with the theory of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osteosynthesesfragen (AO) being spread. However, complications, like operation injury, neural or vascular injury, insufficient reduction, continuous lumbago and backache, and postoperative infection should be considered. According to the therapeutic principles of Chinese medicine like “same importance of muscle and bone” and “association of activity and inertia”, and modern Chinese medicine principles like “touch with hand and understand tacitly”, “pull and stretch to traction”, “angulation and fold the top” and “bend and stretch, adduction and abduction” were combined to modern clinical therapy. Then we put forward the theory of three-step reduction of thoracolumbar fracture.
Using virtual reality to complement and enhance anatomy education
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2019
Caroline Erolin, Luke Reid, Seaneen McDougall
In part four, participants were asked if they would use VR resources for viewing anatomical models if they were available in CAHID. Half of the participants said they would use such facilities ‘frequently’ and eight said they would do so ‘occasionally’, with just one participant choosing ‘rarely’. When asked what type of content they would be interested in seeing developed, most (13) opted for ‘interactive ‘dissectible’ models’, with three choosing ‘interactive animated models’, and two choosing ‘interactive models (such as those used in this study)’. Finally, participants were asked if there were any regions or topics that they thought would benefit from being available in VR. As expected, there were a wide range of answers, with most participants suggesting a range of topics and regions. Common themes that arose however included, the musculoskeletal system, juvenile osteology and embryology, clinical anatomy and pathology, and animations.
Observation on the closure of lambdoid suture in relation to age, sex and population variations using a novel radiographic technique – a prospective study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2019
Ahmed Alhadi, Rakhi Issrani, Namdeo Prabhu, Mohammed Alhadi
The study population is quite small to form any regression equation.To know suture closure better and more accurately, various other modalities like osteology, histology may have to be combined with the present radiographic study.Studies of the ectocranial suture closure have the potential to miscalculate age and to overcome this, the study of both endocranial and ectocranial suture closure should be done [19].Region wise multicentric studies should be done in selected populations or geographic identical populations to remove various bias factors like climate, diet and nutrition.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anatomy
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Morphology
- Ossification
- Pathology
- Paleontology
- Tooth
- Biophysics
- Osteopathy