The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The periodontium consists of the tissues that surround and support the teeth, which are the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The gingiva is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the tooth. Periodontal ligaments serve to attach teeth to the bone; to maintain gingival tissues in the proper relationship to teeth, as shock absorbers; and to provide a casing to protect the vessels and nerves. Cementum is the calcified or hardened tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root. The process of its formation is variable, but continuous. The alveolar bone or tooth socket is the socket in the maxilla (upper jawbone) or mandible (lower jawbone) into which each tooth fits.
Pseudostratified, Metaplastic, Dysplastic, and Carcinomatous Nasal Mucosa in Nickel Workers: A Study by Scanning Electron, Transmission Electron, and Light Microscopy
Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson in Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
The finding that no significant changes occurred in the number of junctional complexes has to be compared with the desmosome countings, where it was found, with a few exceptions,42,43 that neoplasms40,41,45,46 and premalignant lesions40,41,47 had the same or less desmosomes compared to original tissue. Two methodological restrictions make comparisons of this study with others difficult. First, we restricted analysis to the basal layer which most likely has less desmosomes, as shown for oral mucosa.35 Second, we calculated the desmosome number per surface plasma membrane which we, as do others,34 consider a more appropriate reference parameter than the unit tissue volume used in most other studies. In two studies comparable to ours in these two methodological aspects, the desmosome number per plasma membrane was reduced in basal cells.33,34,46
Major Orofacial Infection
Thomas T. Yoshikawa, Shobita Rajagopalan in Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients, 2005
Odontogenic infections progressing beyond the dentoalveolar structures and disseminating into adjacent spaces are rare, especially when proper oral hygiene is maintained and regular dental professional care is provided. When they occur, such complications include propagation of pyogenic infections directly into the sinuses, orbits, brain, and deep spaces of the neck and chest. Pulmonary aspiration, hematogenous and lymphatic spread of oral microbes, can produce systemic complications in response to what may appear to be an innocuous and locally confined dental problem. Oral infections also may represent systemic or more generalized conditions that manifest initially in the oral cavity and alert the clinician or individuals of the need for further investigation. The oral mucosa and its secretory glands can be adversely affected by many pharmaceuticals and other therapies commonly used in medical treatment. Discomfort from such therapies may affect patient compliance with other recommended treatment (1). Odontogenic infections have also been implicated as risk factors for developing atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke, and premature births (16-19). Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease have been associated with aspiration pneumonia (16,20,21).
Study of tissue engineered vascularised oral mucosa-like structures based on ACVM-0.25% HLC-I scaffold in vitro and in vivo
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Minyue Zhou, Xiao Chen, Yanling Qiu, He Chen, Yaoqiang Liu, Yali Hou, Minhai Nie, Xuqian Liu
Oral mucosa is the first barrier against various harmful substances from the outside and plays a very important role in protecting submucosal tissues [1]. Tumour resection, mucosal lesions, trauma and other factors can cause large-scale oral mucosal defects. If a large-scale mucosal defect cannot be repaired in time, it will lead to granulation tissue contraction and scar tissue contraction, which will eventually affect the reconstruction of chewing, swallowing, mouth opening and other functions, and will greatly affect the patient's life [1,2]. Therefore, the study of restoring functional oral mucosa is a hot spot in clinical research. At present, the main repair methods are autologous free flap and myofascial membrane transplantation [3,4], but this repair method is at the expense of normal tissues, which will cause secondary trauma and bring great pain to patients. Recent studies have shown that tissue-engineered oral mucosa (TEOM) [2,5] is an ideal reconstruction material, which opens up a new approach to repair oral mucosal soft tissue defects.
Optimization of an oral mucosa in vitro model based on cell line TR146
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Grace C. Lin, Tamara Leitgeb, Alexandra Vladetic, Heinz-Peter Friedl, Nadine Rhodes, Angela Rossi, Eva Roblegg, Winfried Neuhaus
Even though over 50 tumor-derived cell lines of the oral mucosa have already been described, the majority of those is used for applications such as cytotoxicity testing, drug sensitivity, or migration studies as reported by Bierbaumer et al. recently.19 The oral mucosa is built by three different kinds of mucosa depending on the location (keratinized: gingiva, non-keratinized: buccal, specialized: tongue). Several cancer cell lines or immortalized cell lines from the oral cavity have been decribed previously. 20–24 However, most of the commonly used cell lines originate from the floor of the mouth or from the gingival area, and a standardized cell line for the buccal mucosa is still missing. Even though primary models of the buccal mucosa are commercially available, they are mainly used for disease modeling or viability tests upon short-time exposure of certain molecules.25,26
Management of Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid with Intravenous Immunoglobulin Monotherapy
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2019
Lina Ma, Caiyun You, Mikhail Hernandez, Arash Maleki, Andres Lasave, Alexander Schmidt, Andrew Stephenson, Thongzen Zhao, Stephen Anesi, C. Stephen Foster
Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) represents a spectrum of uncommon chronic systemic autoimmune diseases affecting various mucous membranes (including ocular, oral cavity, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, genitalia, and anus) and occasionally the skin. Oral mucosa and conjunctiva are most commonly affected. It is characterized by recurring blistering lesions due to linear immunoreactant deposition (C3 78%) and autoantibodies (IgG 97%, IgA 27%) targeting various glycoproteins in the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of the epithelium.1,2After these lesions heal, progressive scarring can cause many serious complications in involved tissues including blindness, dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness, constipation or incontinence.
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