Oral Cavity Cancer
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Various tumors are known to affect the oral cavity, the most important of which are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), verrucous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and lymphoma. The oral cavity is an oval-shaped structure demarcated by the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally, the floor of the mouth inferiorly, the palate superiorly, and the oropharynx posteriorly. Oral SCC often looks like scaly red patches, open sores, elevated growths with a central depression, or warts on the lip or lateral part of the tongue. Standard treatments for oral cavity cancer are surgery and radiotherapy. Risk factors for oral cavity cancer include tobacco smoking/chewing, alcohol drinking, betel quid or gutka chewing, diet low in beta-carotene-rich vegetables and citric fruits, poor oral health, infection with Candida albicans, human herpes virus, and human papillomavirus, exposure to sunlight or UV, premalignant lesions and other oral conditions, and immunosuppression.
Oral cavity
Paul Ong, Rachel Skittrall in Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2017
This chapter describes the embryonic development and gross anatomy of the oral cavity, tongue, teeth and salivary glands. It discusses neurological and endocrine control of mechanical and chemical digestion within the oral cavity. The chapter explains the physiological effects of ageing on the structure and function of the oral cavity, teeth and salivary glands. It focuses on common developmental abnormalities of the oral cavity. The chapter explores the pathogenesis of common disorders of the oral cavity. The palate is divided into the hard palate that forms the roof of the mouth anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly. Nutrients are ingested into the oral cavity via the mouth. The oral cavity is lined with an oral mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium. The production of saliva is controlled by behavioural, neural, physical and chemical stimuli. Chemoreceptors in the mucosa of the oral cavity are stimulated by irritants, acids, spices and chemicals from food.
Respiratory system
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha in Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
The pharynx and oral cavity, and the larynx less easily, can be inspected clinically under direct or indirect vision using a torch and mirror. Imaging is required to detect deeper abnormalities or deep extension of surface abnormalities. Cough is a common symptom of minor respiratory ailments such as acute viral infection that do not require imaging, as well as more serious conditions such as asthma and lung cancer. Dyspnoea, or shortness of breath, has potentially many causes including cardiac and respiratory disease among others. The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the respiratory system is limited by both the lack of protons and a homogenous magnetic field within the lungs, which makes them practically ‘invisible’ on MRI. Researchers have performed MRI of the lungs using isotopes of noble gases to assess lung function and this may have future clinical use.
Composition and maternal origin of the neonatal oral cavity microbiota
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Heidi Tuominen, Maria Carmen Collado, Jaana Rautava, Stina Syrjänen, Samuli Rautava
Background: The origin of the initial oral microbiota in neonates still remains poorly understood. Objective: The aim of this study was to understand how the maternal microbiota contributes to the initial neonatal oral microbiota. Design: Twelve mother-neonate pairs with samples from the maternal oral mucosa, uterine cervix and placenta and the neonatal oral cavity immediately after birth were studied. The microbiota composition and diversity were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3-V4 region). The microbiota analyses and comparisons were carried out with Calypso software version 8.1 and with SourceTracker 1.0.1. Results: Samples from the neonatal oral cavity showed moderately high bacterial diversity and low richness. The neonatal oral cavity microbiota seems to share features mainly with the microbes detected in the placenta, followed by the cervical microbiota and the maternal oral microbiota. No statistically significant differences in diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.14), richness (Chao1, p = 0.53) or in microbial composition were observed according to delivery mode. Conclusion: The neonatal oral cavity microbiota is not significantly modulated by the birth canal or maternal oral microbiota but displays clear associations with microbes in the placenta. These results suggest that the neonatal oral microbiota may have a prenatal origin.
Management for premalignant lesions of the oral cavity
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2014
Aru Panwar, Robert Lindau, Aaron Wieland
Premalignant lesions of the oral cavity present as visibly abnormal areas of mucosa and may be a source of significant anxiety for the patient and the clinician. Suspicious lesions should be biopsied to evaluate for dysplasia. The risk of malignant transformation may relate to patient characteristics, environmental risk factors and genetic alterations. Management of such lesions hinges on risk modification, surveillance, symptom management and directed biopsies. Excision or ablation of dysplastic lesions is indicated. We review the current evidence relating to management of premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa and make recommendations for practice patterns.
Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Smoking is a pernicious practice prevalent worldwide. It involves breathing of burnt-tobacco fumes/smoke which comprises of numerous chemical entities posing deleterious aftermaths in the oral cavity. Tobacco fumes carry carcinogens and damaging chemicals like nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, nicotine, phenols, carbon monoxides, radioactive elements, heavy metal ions. Oral cavity (mouth or buccal cavity), forming initial contacts with tobacco smokables, plays an essential role in the digestive system, facial determinations and speech. Smoking is a significant risk factor for oral cavity cancers. Nearly 50% of deaths from oral cavity cancer (oral cancer) attribute to smoking. This review intends to focus on the smoking mediated molecular modulations that are associated with the genesis of oral cancers.