Trigeminal nerve – interdisciplinarity between the areas of dentistry and audiology
J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares in Biodental Engineering V, 2019
The ophthalmic nerve is an afferent nerve, that conveys sensory information from the: Scalp,Forehead,Upper parts of the sinuses,Upper eyelid,Nasal mucosa,Bulb,Lacrimal gland,External nose.
Discussions (D)
Terence R. Anthoney in Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
The branches of nerves are often given names as nerves in their own right, which may, in turn, have additional named nerves as branches. Thus, one nerve often “includes” several other nerves, which, in turn, include other nerves. The trigeminal nerve is a good case in point. Some authors call its three main peripheral divisions the ophthalmic nerve, the maxillary nerve, and the mandibular nerve (e.g., W&W, p. 1059; DSR&W, p. 345). Each of these, in tum, has some named nerves as branches. For example, the branches of the ophthalmic nerve include the lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, and the nasociliary nerve (W&W, p. 1061). Some of these, in tum, have named branches—e.g., the supraorbital nerve and the supratrochlear nerve off of the frontal nerve (W&W, p. 1061). As noted earlier, it is often implied that a nerve includes its constituent fibers all the way to their peripheral terminations. Fibers in a small peripheral nerve, therefore, may be parts of several different nerves at the same time. The portions of the nerve fibers in the supratrochlear nerve, for example, are simultaneously in the frontal nerve, the ophthalmic nerve, and the trigeminal nerve. Stated another way, the supratrochlear nerve is simultaneously a branch of the trigeminal nerve, of the ophthalmic nerve, and of the frontal nerve.
Paediatric Rhinosinusitis and its Complications
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed in Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Clinical features include:114bilateral ptosisproptosis and chemosisophthalmic nerve neuralgiaretro-ocular headache, which can be severecomplete ophthalmoplegia,papilloedemasigns of meningeal irritation, associated with spiking feversconfusion and reduced level of consciousness. Similar investigations will be required as for other forms of intracranial complications. MRI (in particular MR venography) is especially sensitive, with absence of flow in the thrombosed sinus. As an alternative, CT with contrast may show equivalent filling defects.
Diagnostic tests in dry eye
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2019
Amy Kloosterboer, Harrison Isaac Dermer, Anat Galor
Corneal innervation is critical for ocular surface homeostasis and decreased corneal sensation can lead to epithelial disturbances and endothelial cell loss [12,55]. The nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve derived from the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) provides sensation to the cornea, eyelid, and conjunctiva. A feedback loop exists between this nerve and the branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) to control blinking a tear secretion. Disruption of this loop can lead to DE and anesthesia of the cornea[56]. To assess corneal sensation, a wisp of a cotton-tipped swab or a piece of dental floss can be used to score sensation on a qualitative scale from none to increased. The Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer which consists of a nylon filament of adjustable length is also used to grade sensation[57]. The filament’s length is varied until the patient reports sensation. Normally, the nylon filament is sensed when fully extended at 6.0 cm. If the patient does not sense the filament at this length, the length is reduced in 0.5 cm intervals until sensation is reported. It is important to note that the central cornea is the more sensitive than the limbus[58]. The Belmonte aesthesiometer (Figure 9) is used as a research instrument to more precisely quantify detection thresholds to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli[59].
The Neurotropic Varicella Zoster Virus: a Case of Isolated Abducens Nerve Palsy without Skin Rash in a Young Healthy Woman
Published in Strabismus, 2021
Maria Elisa Vares Luís, Carlos Diogo Hipólito-Fernandes, José Lopes Moniz, Joana Tavares Ferreira
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV, human herpesvirus 3) is a virus from the Herpesviridae family responsible for causing chickenpox upon primary infection. Then, the virus establishes latency in neurons in the cranial nerves, dorsal root, and autonomic ganglia, and causes herpes zoster upon reactivation.1,2 When reactivation of the latent VZV in the ophthalmic nerve (the first branch of the trigeminal cranial nerve) occurs, it causes Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO), a condition characterized by dermatomal vesicular rash restricted to the face midline, and involving the eyelids; conjunctival inflammation; and punctate and/or dendritic epithelial keratitis, with or without anterior chamber involvement.3 Other ocular manifestations of HZO can involve the sclera, the posterior uvea, and the retina, causing episcleritis/scleritis, and acute retinal necrosis or progressive outer retinal necrosis.4
Incidence of Sturge–Weber syndrome and associated ocular involvement in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2020
Heba T. Rihani, Lauren A. Dalvin, David O. Hodge, Jose S. Pulido
Definitions of SWS have varied. In 1992 Roach described three phenotypes: Type 1 (classic SWS) includes both facial cutaneous and leptomeningeal angiomas with likely glaucoma; Type 2 (SWS) includes facial cutaneous angioma with glaucoma possibly present; and Type 3 (SWS forme fruste) includes leptomeningeal angioma with absent cutaneous facial angioma and glaucoma (5). Of all patients with PWS, up to 8% will show complete features of SWS (classic type) (4,10). In 2013, Shirley et al. published a ground-breaking study describing a somatic mosaic activation mutation in the GNAQ gene, which leads to stimulation of cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis (11). The final phenotype of the syndrome depends on the timing and site of this mutation during embryonic development (11,12). Approximately 50–70% of SWS patients show pathologic ocular findings, usually ipsilateral to PWS, which has a predilection for the ophthalmic nerve distribution (V1) (1,13). Of all SWS related ocular involvement, the most commonly reported is glaucoma, which affects 30–75% of patients (5,14–17). Another common ocular finding is DCH, which affects 19–71% of patients (1,13,17,18).