Anatomy and Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
Kenneth J. Broadley in Autonomic Pharmacology, 2017
The axons of these cell bodies enter the spinal cord where they synapse with neurones of the intermediolateral cell columns of the grey matter. An interneurone in the spinal cord completes the reflex arc with the pre- and postganglionic efferent neurones. Certain intestinal reflexes may be abolished by section of the dorsal roots. However, there are central connections which reach the hypothalamus via the reticular formation of the brain stem. Afferent pathways are also associated with the parasympathetic division, the cranial section of which includes the vagus and glossopharyngeal afferent nerves. The cell bodies of the afferent vagal nerves lie in the nodose ganglion and lying above it and smaller, the jugular ganglion. The afferents from the distal colon, rectum and bladder run in the second to fourth sacral parasympathetic nerves, with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion.
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
The sensory fibers carried in the vagus nerve have their cell bodies in the jugular and nodose ganglia. The vagus nerve receives general visceral sensory input from the larynx, pharynx, linings of the trachea, bronchi, heart, aortic arch, and abdominal viscera; these fibers originate in the nodose ganglion and project to the nucleus solitarius. The vagus nerve (through the nodose ganglion) also carries taste sensation from the epiglottis, pharynx, and palate; these fibers terminate in the nucleus solitarius. The vagus nerve (through the jugular ganglion) also receives sensory input from the concha of the ear and the dura of the posterior fossa; these fibers terminate in the spinal nucleus of CN V.
Role Of Neural Substance P And Coexisting Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (Cgrp) In Cardiovascular Function
Geoffrey Burnstock, Susan G. Griffith in Nonadrenergic Innervation of Blood Vessels, 2019
In order to examine underlying molecular mechanisms, neonatal ganglia were explanted and studied in culture.77 In the superior cervical ganglion, the peptide increased 20-fold after 24 hr in culture and as much as 50-fold after 48 hr (Figure 14A). The increase was found to be dependent on intact synthesis of protein and RNA (Figure 14B). Effects of membrane depolarization were also examined in culture, since it had been found that impulse activity decreased ganglionic substance P levels in vivo. Thus, veratridine completely prevented the increase in substance P, and tetrodotoxin blocked the effects of the alkaloid (Figure 14C), indicating that membrane sodium ion flux was associated with the depression of substance P in the ganglion cells. Moreover, transmembrane calcium flux was found to be necessary for the increase of substance P in culture, since EGTA, polyvalent cationic antagonists, or dilantin, inhibited the increase. Immunocytochemical examination of cultured ganglia revealed substance P-like immunoreactivity in the postsynaptic (principal) neuron perikarya and in fibers coursing through the ganglia. Analysis of the special sensory, nodose ganglion in vitro indicated that in these cells also, sodium flux prevented the increase in substance P, and that a calcium flow was necessary for this increase, reproducing the effects observed in the superior cervical ganglion. These studies77 suggest that a number of common regulatory mechanisms govern the peptide metabolism in diverse neuronal populations. It appears that expression of peptidergic phenotypic characters is a dynamic process, reflecting the physiological state of the neuron.
Tapia syndrome: an unusual complication following posterior cervical spine surgery
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Adikarige HD Silva, Matthew Bishop, Hari Krovvidi, Declan Costello, Jasmeet Dhir
The neurological deficit is usually unilateral and spares the accessory cranial nerve (XI). This differentiates Tapia syndrome from other jugular foramen syndromes such as Vernet (IX, X and XI), Collet-Sicard (IX, X, XI and XII) and Villaret (Collet-Sicard and Horner’s syndrome). Symptoms include hoarseness of voice, ipsilateral tongue weakness and dysphagia due to tongue incoordination and vocal cord dysfunction. Signs include ipsilateral tongue deviation on protrusion and ipsilateral vocal cord paresis or paralysis confirmed on endoscopic visualisation. Atrophy of the denervated side of the tongue may also occur with chronic injury. Glottic sensation is often intact because the external branch of the vagus nerve providing its sensation branches off just below the nodose ganglion and before the likely site of compression and injury. Diagnosis relies on recognition of the concurrent paralyses (clinical examination and endoscopic examination; other invasive techniques such as laryngeal and tongue electromyography are often not required) and exclusion of other aetiologies. Treatment is supportive, with emphasis on empiric corticosteroids and dysphagia and vocal cord therapy. Recovery is excellent in 30% of patients, incomplete in 39% of patients and none in over 26% of patients.3
Emerging drugs in the treatment of chronic cough
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2023
Danica Brister, Mustafaa Wahab, Moaaz Rashad, Nermin Diab, Martin Kolb, Imran Satia
The involuntary cough reflex is designed to protect against aspiration of food, foreign bodies and prevent the inhalation of noxious gases. It can be triggered by stimulation of peripheral receptors of vagal nerve fibers innervating the larynx, upper and lower airways. There are at least two known subtypes of vagal nerve afferents involved in the cough reflex response; myelinated A fibers which originate in the nodose ganglion, and the slower, unmyelinated C-fibers of the jugular ganglion (Figure 1) [50,51]. A fibers are predominantly mechanosensitive, whilst C-fibers are activated by chemical and temperature triggers and will respond to flavors and fragrances such as capsaicin, garlic, cinnamaldehyde, and methanol [51–53]. Multiple receptor subtypes have been identified on these afferent fibers, including ligand gated ion channels (LGIC), and G protein coupled receptors. LGIC include transient receptor protein (TRP) vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and TRP melastin 8 (TRPM8) can be found on both alpha-delta and c-fibers [50,52]. Purinergic receptors, such as P2×3, are activated by extracellular ATP release in response to cellular injury and within the upper airway are expressed on C-fibers of the jugular ganglion [10]. Patients with RCC/UCC demonstrate a heightened response to capsaicin inhalation compared to healthy controls, which may be mediated by more peripheral receptors, the or the sensitization of peripheral nerves [10].
The pharmacotherapeutic management of obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Stefano Marra, Dario Arnaldi, Lino Nobili
A last drug class that has been investigated is the class of cannabinoid receptor agonists. In the detail, the nodose ganglion cells has been seen to express inhibitory cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors [70]. Dronabinol is a CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist and its role in the genioglossus activity has been recently studied and the initial findings of the Phase II PACE (Pharmacotherapy of Apnea by Cannabimetric Enhancement) trial are promising [71]. In fact, Dronabinol dose-dependent reduced AHI by 10.7 ± 4.4 (p = 0.02) and 12.9 ± 4.3 (p = 0.003) events/h at the dose of 2,5 mg and 10 mg respectively. Moreover an improvement of self-reported sleepiness was observed. Identifying a priori the population (or the phenotypes) of responders could be helpful to understand if this medication can be used to treat OSA in the clinic. Future trials in humans are needed to confirm the possible usefulness of this approach for this specific phenotype of OSA.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Axon
- Jugular Foramen
- Solitary Nucleus
- Vagus Nerve
- General Visceral Afferent Fiber
- Special Visceral Afferent Fiber
- Jugular Fossa
- Superior Ganglion of Vagus Nerve
- Auricular Branch of Vagus Nerve
- General Somatic Afferent Fiber