Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita in Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
The nasal mucosa is the only location in the body that provides a direct connection between the central nervous system and the atmosphere. Anatomically, human nasal cavity fills the space between the base of the skull and the roof of the mouth; above, it is supported by the ethmoid bones and, laterally, by the ethmoid, maxillary, and inferior conchae bones. The human nasal cavity has a total volume of 15-20Â mL, and a total surface area of approximately 150Â cm2. It is divided by middle (or nasal) septum into two symmetrical halves, each one opening at the face through nostrils and extending posterior to the nasopharynx. Both symmetrical halves consist of four areas (nasal vestibule, atrium, respiratory region, and olfactory region) that are distinguished according to their anatomic and histological characteristics. Nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity, just inside the nostrils, and presents an area about 0.6Â cm2. Here, there are nasal hairs, also called vibrissae, which filter the inhaled particles. Histologically, this nasal portion is covered by a stratified squamous and keratinized epithelium with sebaceous glands. These nasal vestibular characteristics are desirable to afford high resistance against toxic environmental substances, but, at the same time, the absorption of substances including drugs becomes very difficult in this region [58,59].
The nose and nasopharynx
Rogan J Corbridge in Essential ENT, 2011
The vestibule of the nose is the entrance to the nasal cavity. It is enclosed by the alar cartilages. The skin in this region bears stiff hairs called the vibrissae. The mucous membranes of the nasal cavity lie just behind this hair-bearing skin; the change from one to the other is known as the mucocutaneous junction. Benign papillomas, basal cell carcinomas and malignant squamous cell carcinomas can develop within the nasal vestibule. The midline strip of skin that connects the upper lip to the nasal tip is called the columella. Normally the free caudal edge of the cartilaginous septum lies under the columella. However, occasionally the septum is deviated away from the midline and this free edge can be seen projecting into one vestibule. This is known as a columellar dislocation (Figure 10.3).
Overview on Anatomy of Human Respiratory System
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
The internal part of nose has a large cavity in the skull below the cranium that posteriorly connects with the pharynx through a pair of internal nares (choanae). The nasolachrymal duct and the ducts of paranasal sinuses also open into the internal nose. The roof of internal nose is formed by ethmoid bone and the floor is formed by palatine bones and palatal processes of maxillae; the two together form the hard palate. The lateral walls of internal nose are formed by ethmoid, maxilla, lachrymal, palatine, and inferior nasal bones. The space inside external and internal nose, the nasal cavity, is divided into right and left halves by a vertical partition called nasal septum. The anterior part of nasal cavity just inside the nostril is the vestibule. The vestibular lining has hair to filter out large dust particles of air. The upper nasal cavity has extensions of superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae or turbinals forming three shelves that divide each side of the nasal cavity into groove-like passages, the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses. The shelves and meatuses are lined with mucous membranes. Olfactory receptors are present in the membrane lining the superior conchae and the adjacent septum, and hence are called the olfactory epithelium [3].
Nose-to-brain delivery of antipsychotics using nanotechnology: a review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Madeleine S. A. Tan, Harendra S Parekh, Preeti Pandey, Dan J. Siskind, James R. Falconer
The average adult nasal cavity is approximately 5 cm high and 12–14 cm long [19]. It consists of the vestibule, respiratory and olfactory regions. The vestibule region, which is located at the opening of the nasal cavity, has an ample amount of hairs and mucus. This segment has a small surface area, low vascularity and increased mucociliary clearance activity. The respiratory region is located at the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, has a large surface area and very high vascularity. Just like the vestibule region, the respiratory region has a high mucociliary clearance activity due to the presence of mucus-producing goblet cells and motile cilia that are 2–4 µm in length. The olfactory region is located at the upper part of the nasal cavity and has high vascularity [19]. The cilia of the olfactory mucosa are 50 µm in length and, importantly non-motile which is critical from a drug adherence and clearance perspective [20].
Nasal vestibule squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based cohort study from DAHANCA
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Mads V. Filtenborg, Jacob K. Lilja-Fischer, Maja B. Sharma, Hanne Primdahl, Julie Kjems, Christina C. Plaschke, Birgitte W. Charabi, Claus A. Kristensen, Maria Andersen, Elo Andersen, Christian Godballe, Jørgen Johansen, Jens Overgaard, Kristian B. Petersen
Cancer of the nasal vestibule is a rare type of malignancy dominated by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and it account for less than one percent of all head and neck tumours [1,2]. The nasal vestibule is anatomical defined by the nostril anteriorly and posteriorly by the limen nasi. Treatment strategies consist of either radiotherapy (RT), surgery or a combination of both. Brachytherapy is an effective alternative to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in the treatment of nasal vestibule carcinoma [3–5]. Different staging systems are available, and the Union International Cancer Control (UICC) or the classification of Wang are the most widely used [6–9]. Several studies suggest that T1 tumours can be successfully handled by single treatment modality, whereas more advanced tumours should be considered for a combined treatment strategy [2,10–15]. A large Danish study performed by Agger et al. showed a 5-year disease-specific survival of 74% and overall survival (OS) of 50% [8].
Analyses on the influence of normal nasal morphological variations on odorant transport to the olfactory cleft
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Ryan M. Sicard, Reanna Shah, Dennis O. Frank-Ito
The ordinary human nasal cavity is distinguishable by several intra- and inter-individual morphological variabilities that can influence a typical nasal airflow profile (Babatola 1990; Patki and Frank-Ito 2016; Frank-Ito and Garcia 2020; Leong and Eccles 2009; Ramprasad and Frank-Ito 2016). The nasal vestibule allows for inhaled ambient air to flow into the respiratory tract. According to Inthavong et al. (2019), inhaled air flowing into the notched nasal vestibule twists and swirls through to the nasal valve. However, depending on nasal anatomical variation, the vortex created can stretch posteriorly to the anterior end of the middle turbinate and beyond (Frank-Ito and Garcia 2020; Ramprasad and Frank-Ito 2016). Furthermore, Ramprasad and Frank-Ito (2016) imply that local airflow patterns at the superior end of the nasal cavity were greatly influenced by nasal vestibule phenotype. This suggests that nasal morphology influences the transport of odorant-laden molecules into the olfactory cleft, due to its effect on nasal airflow patterns (Craven et al. 2010; Eiting et al. 2014; Rygg et al. 2017).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Maxilla
- Palatine Bone
- Paranasal Sinuses
- Pharynx
- Respiratory Tract
- Respiratory System
- Nose
- Nasal Septum
- Nostril
- Pterygoid Processes of The Sphenoid