Overview on Anatomy of Human Respiratory System
Sunit K. Singh in Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
The nose opens out through a pair of external nares or nostrils (Figure 1.1). The nose can be divided into the external portion, which is in fact termed as the nose, and the internal portions, being the nasal cavities (nasal fossae; cavum nasi). The nose is the only visible part of the respiratory system, protruding from the face, and lying in between the forehead and the upper lip. The external portion of the nose is partly supported by the bone and partly hyaline cartilage covered with muscles and skin and has an inner lining of mucous membrane. The superior attachment of nose to forehead between eyes is the root and the tip of nose at the inferior end is the apex. The anterior border between root and apex is the dorsum nasi. It is supported by elastic cartilage; hence, it is flexible. The superior part of dorsum nasi forms the bridge and is supported by the bone [3].
Noninfectious Pulmonary Manifestations of Renal Disease In Children
Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes in Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Respiratory symptoms are prominent initial symptoms. There may be nasal stuffiness or discharge with crusted or pustular lesions in the nares. The lesions progress to involve the sinus, palate, nares, larynx, and pharynx. The kidney is affected in 85% of cases, nasopharynx 75%, paranasal sinus 90%, eyes 60%, ears 35%, heart 15%, nervous system 20%, skin 40%, and joints 50%.23 About 90% present with nasal symptoms.24 Cough and hemoptysis occur but frank pulmonary hemorrhage is rare. The spectrum of renal disease may range from focal segmental glomerulonephritis with minimal hematuria and little or no renal insufficiency to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with hematuria, pyuria, cylindruria, and frank renal failure.12 In one series only 5% of patients presented with renal failure.25
Non-Allergic Perennial Rhinitis
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
The prevalence of NARES has been shown to range between 13 and 33% in patients with non-allergic rhinitis.21,24 Although the specific aetiology of NARES is not clear, in view of the features shared by this syndrome and the triad (nasal polyposis, intrinsic asthma and intolerance to aspirin) and because NARES patients frequently develop nasal polyps and asthma later on in life, it has been suggested that NARES may be an early expression of the triad.24 Indeed, in approximately 50% of NARES patients without a history of respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness is associated with an increase in the number of sputum eosinophils, but not with an increase in the number of nasal eosinophils.25 Some investigators have suggested that NARES is a variant of vasomotor rhinitis, and referred to the condition as ‘perennial intrinsic rhinitis’.
Diagnosis and treatment of non-allergic rhinitis: focus on immunologic mechanisms
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Yifan Meng, Chengshuo Wang, Luo Zhang
NARES is a nasal mucosa disorder characterized by the presence of nasal symptoms and high nasal eosinophilia together with negative allergy skin tests. Although the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NARES are still not fully understood available evidence suggests that chronic eosinophilic inflammation is likely to be involved. This review summarizes the different factors and mechanisms involved in the development of eosinophilic inflammation in NARES and identify the potential biomarkers related to this pathology. Although, the main diagnostic method employed for NARES is traditional nasal cytology, this method is not standardized, thus making it difficult to accurately diagnose NARES using this tool. In this respect, a newly reported diagnostic method for NARES based on measurement of CST1, local sIgE, and loss of smell is discussed; further assessment and development of which may lead to a more accurate diagnostic tool for NARES in the future. Although intranasal corticosteroids, antihistamines and cysteinyl leukotriene antagonists are traditionally used for treatment of the symptoms of NARES, recent studies suggest that intranasal corticosteroids with or without antihistamines and/or LT antagonist are more effective in the treatment for NARES. Thus, we emphasize the importance of employing combinations of these drugs in routine clinical practice for treatment of NARES. Furthermore, we suggest that further studies should focus on the development of novel monoclonal antibody therapies, directed especially toward attenuation of eosinophilia.
Low prevalence of multi-resistant bacteria in undergraduate dental students; an observational case-control multi-centre study in Europe
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
C.M.C. Volgenant, M.A. Hoogenkamp, G. Dahlén, S. Kalfas, S. Petti, J.J. De Soet
Each participant received a questionnaire to collect demographic data. Questions on antibiotic use, hospital visits, patient treatment status and living in the vicinity of a livestock were asked to assess possible cofounders. After completion of the survey form, the students were carefully instructed on how to take the clinical sample. Three sites, each with a separate sterile cotton swab (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany), were sampled: (1) the interdigital folds between the ring- and little-finger on their dominant hand, (2) both anterior nares of their nose and (3) the dorsum of their tongue. Samples were immediately transported to a microbiology laboratory, and cultured in 500 µl Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, BD, Sparks Glencoe, MD, USA). Cultures were stored at −80°C and stored until further analyses after the addition of 500 µl 60% (v/v) glycerol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). All culturing on solid media and in TSB were performed under aerobic conditions at 37°C for either 24 or 16 hours, respectively.
Nasal vestibule squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based cohort study from DAHANCA
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Mads V. Filtenborg, Jacob K. Lilja-Fischer, Maja B. Sharma, Hanne Primdahl, Julie Kjems, Christina C. Plaschke, Birgitte W. Charabi, Claus A. Kristensen, Maria Andersen, Elo Andersen, Christian Godballe, Jørgen Johansen, Jens Overgaard, Kristian B. Petersen
Cancer of the nasal vestibule is a rare type of malignancy dominated by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and it account for less than one percent of all head and neck tumours [1,2]. The nasal vestibule is anatomical defined by the nostril anteriorly and posteriorly by the limen nasi. Treatment strategies consist of either radiotherapy (RT), surgery or a combination of both. Brachytherapy is an effective alternative to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in the treatment of nasal vestibule carcinoma [3–5]. Different staging systems are available, and the Union International Cancer Control (UICC) or the classification of Wang are the most widely used [6–9]. Several studies suggest that T1 tumours can be successfully handled by single treatment modality, whereas more advanced tumours should be considered for a combined treatment strategy [2,10–15]. A large Danish study performed by Agger et al. showed a 5-year disease-specific survival of 74% and overall survival (OS) of 50% [8].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ultradian Rhythm
- Nasal Cavity
- Body Orifice
- Nose
- Nasal Concha
- Sense of Smell
- Nasal Cycle
- Nasal Septum
- Nasal Septum Deviation
- Choana