Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, and joints. Bones provide shape, hold the body upright, and protect organs from injury. They also store minerals and contain the bone marrow where new blood cells are made. The three types of muscle—skeletal, cardiac and smooth—differ in cellular structure, location, and mode of action. Joints are the physical points of connection between two bones. Joints contain a variety of fibrous connective tissue, ligaments that connect bones to each other, tendons that connect muscle to bone, and cartilage that covers the ends of bone and provides cushioning. After briefly reviewing the basic properties of the musculoskeletal system and its regulation by the nervous system, the last two sections of the chapter focus on the involvement of dopamine in pathophysiology of this system.
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang in Engineering-Medicine, 2019
The act of human being can stand on two legs is in reality the true demonstration of the functions of the musculoskeletal system. This system provides a structural framework of human body, together with strength and flexibility, so that human not only can stand, but walk, run, throw, kick, swim, and all other physical activities. Watching a sport event is in fact a living witness of this wonderful human system. This system is composed of bone, joints, muscles, and tendons. Again, the functions of this musculoskeletal system also need the support from other systems, such as the nervous and the cardiovascular systems. The intended movements of human body are directed by the signals from our brain, through peripheral nerves, guide our muscles to perform the intended motions, simple or complex, coarse or smooth, crude or delicate. When this neurological pathway is malfunction, such as in Parkinson’s disease, patient develops tremor when they conduct intentional motion, significantly interfering their ability to carry proper social interactions and daily activities (Heusinkveld et al. 2018). Furthermore, cardiovascular system will be required to deliver the needed nutritional materials for generating energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the very power source for muscle movement (Sahlin 2014). The obtaining of the nutritional materials, in turn, depends on the gastrointestinal system we will now discuss. In a later chapter of this book, the subject of utilizing robotic technology and artificial intelligence in helping patients of musculoskeletal system disabilities is discussed (Chapter 24).
Health impacts of water carriage *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
As a functional task, water carriage requires coordinated movement of the body and sufficient strength to lift and balance or move water filled containers. Disorders affecting the musculoskeletal system can therefore reduce an individual’s ability to carry water, as they commonly cause pain, reduce strength and impair movement (Brooks, 2006). This is important to acknowledge because in low and middle income regions, where a greater proportion of the population will access water from out of house sources, the burden of disease from musculoskeletal disorders (MSKs) is huge and growing (Hoy et al., 2014). The burden is increasing because of population growth and ageing, as well as the increasing incidence of traumatic injury from motor vehicle accidents (Nantulya and Reich, 2002), obesity linked to changing lifestyle behaviors (Nugent, 2008; Berenbaum and Sellam, 2008) and manual labor performed in poor working conditions (Messing and Östlin, 2006; Fathallah, 2010).
Shear wave elastography of the brachial plexus roots at the interscalene groove
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Mohamed Abdelmohsen Bedewi, Daniel Nissman, Nasser Mohammed Aldossary, Troy Hideo Maetani, Mohammed Sherif El Sharkawy, Hussein Koura
The main imaging modalities for studying the brachial plexus are ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasonography is a low-cost modality, with the ability to scan the whole course of the nerve as well as the contralateral side in the same examination. MRI with its excellent soft tissue contrast is able to provide excellent anatomic details between different normal structures and differentiate between normal and pathological states [4]. Diffusion-weighted MRI is also used for imaging of the peripheral nervous system using the water molecules to generate contrast in MRI images, allowing mapping of the diffusion process of molecules. These examinations are often shown to be normal, even when clinical and electro-diagnostic studies suggest otherwise. In the early or preclinical stages of some diseases, the biomechanical properties, such as stiffness/elasticity, may help to identify nerve pathology even when conventional ultrasonography and MRI appear to be normal, as the stiffness of the pathological nerve is higher than the normal nerve. Sonoelastography is a specialized ultrasound imaging method that evaluates the elasticity, a biomechanical property of the examined tissue, allowing measurement of tissue deformation in response to the external force. This method has found routine application in liver disease and has been studied in breast and thyroid diseases. In the musculoskeletal system, muscles and tendons have also been studied. The median and tibial nerves as well as the sciatic and optic nerves have also been studied by this method [5–16].
Essential role of Mohawk for tenogenic tissue homeostasis including spinal disc and periodontal ligament
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2018
Ryo Nakamichi, Kensuke Kataoka, Hiroshi Asahara
Currently, musculoskeletal disorders are a major problem that affects healthy life [1]. Within the musculoskeletal system, tendons and ligaments serve as connective tissue. Tendons connect muscles and bones and play an important role in transmitting force, and ligaments connect bone to bone and regulate mobility and stability. Tendons and ligaments function in various parts of the body. For example, the annulus fibrosus connects the vertebral bodies, maintaining stabilization and allowing flexible movement of the spine [2]. The periodontal ligament (PDL) connects the teeth with the alveolar bone and acts not only as a stabilizer but also as a sensory receptor for the masticatory system [3]. Damage to and degeneration of these tissues causes disorders and diseases associated with pain and disability, but the current therapy that relies on self-repair is not sufficient for the reacquisition of mechanical strength [4]. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the development and homeostasis of tendons and ligaments is required for the conception of more advanced therapy for these tissues. While research in this area is progressing, it is not as advanced as that in other aspects of the musculoskeletal system.
Robotic navigation during spine surgery: an update of literature
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Qi Zhang, Xiao-Guang Han, Ming-Xing Fan, Jing-Wei Zhao, Zhao Lang, Ji-Le Jiang, Da He, Bo Liu, Wei Tian
The musculoskeletal system is the most important and complex motor system in the body, with complex three-dimensional anatomy adjacent to important neurovascular tissues. Orthopedic surgical robots fulfill the concept and technical means of precision surgery. Combined with the latest biomedical engineering technology, orthopedic surgical robots achieve precise surgical operations with less damage through accurate, safe, and stable operations [1]. These robots may help reduce the challenges of low accuracy and high complication rates caused by the restricted vision and unstable movements of surgeons in orthopedic surgery [2]. Surgical robots have improved the effectiveness of orthopedic disease treatment and have become one of the most vital research directions in the development of orthopedics [3].