Fucoidan
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
According to the hepatology data, blood clots generated against providing aspirin without fucoidan (Figure 12.2B), showing that the ulcer existed in the stomach tissue. There are no blood clots in the different performances (Figure 12.2A without aspirin and Figure 12.2C with aspirin and fucoidan). It indicates that because fucoidan does not affect the stomach tissue lining, it can prevent gastric ulcers by building a barrier in the mucosa. A thick mucus coating is particularly common on the mucous membrane, synthesized by high cylindrical epithelial cells. The gastric mucosa is a polypeptide with two purposes: it lubricates food masses to facilitate transportation within the stomach and acts as a protective coating on the lining epithelium of the stomach cavity. This protective barrier protects the stomach from being digested by its protein-lysine enzymes. It can migrate from the underlying mucosa into the surface layer according to bicarbonate secretion. The acidity of the mucous layer, or hydrogen ion concentration, is balanced in the vicinity of the epithelium and becomes acidic toward the luminal layer. While gastrointestinal mucus is excluded from the surface epithelium, little pits termed foveolae gastrique can be observed with a magnifying glass (Sinurat & Rosmawaty, 2015).
Dermal filler complications and management
Michael Parker, Charlie James in Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Internally, epithelial cells within the mucous membranes secrete mucous, a sticky substance which functions to both lubricate and moisturise the surfaces of body cavities. As it is both thick and sticky, mucous can also trap pathogens, halting their invasion attempts. Within the respiratory tract, these epithelial linings have specialised projections called cilia, which beat continuously and in unison away from the lungs. The function of cilia is to manoeuvre mucous out of the lower respiratory tract towards the mouth where it can be expelled via a cough or a sneeze; or swallowed and digested by the stomach. This process is designed to destroy potentially harmful microbes; however, it can inadvertently offer a method of disease progression through aerosol droplets. It is worth noting that certain diseases can result in impaired mucous and cilia function, namely cystic fibrosis (which causes excessively thick mucous production) and Kartagener’s syndrome, characterised by dysregulated cilia motion.
Potential of Mycochemicals in the Prevention and Control of Microbial Diseases
Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
While microorganisms are legitimately trying to survive and procreate, unknowingly to these little organisms; their survival has a lot of detrimental effect to humans and other organisms around them. Specifically, the human race and other animals have survived these many centuries because they are equipped with various defensive mechanisms against the pestiferous effects of microorganisms (Amos 1981). Some of these mechanisms are general in nature. This serves to protect against many types of harmful agents and are on this basis referred to as non-specific immunity. A good example of this is phagocytosis of bacteria by specialized cells. Other defensive mechanisms are specific in that each is effective against a certain noxious agent and no other, and are therefore referred to as specific immunity (Stewart and Beswicvk 1977). The vertebrate host does not depend solely on its immune system to protect it from the agent of disease. Other defense mechanisms, which could be mechanical such as the unbroken skin, and to a lesser extent, mucous membranes provide a physical barrier to the entrance of most pathogens. The effectiveness of these barriers is often enhanced by the presence of chemical barriers as well (Stewart and Beswick 1977). Tears, saliva, and the secretions of the nasopharynx contain lysozome, an enzyme that digest the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. Ecological controls which involve the normal body flora exist in a balance state and thereby protect the host from invasion by pathogens (Van Der Waaij et al. 1982).
Models for barrier understanding in health and disease in lab-on-a-chips
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
J. Ponmozhi, S. Dhinakaran, Dorottya Kocsis, Kristóf Iván, Franciska Erdő
Physiological barriers are natural defense mechanisms that protect organisms, organs, and organ systems from harmful environmental stimuli. These barriers can take different forms, such as physical, chemical, or biological barriers, and their nature can vary based on the organism’s environment and lifestyle. For instance, the skin is a primary physical barrier that shields against dehydration and infection, while mucous membranes are chemical barriers that produce antibacterial substances. By providing an initial line of defense against potentially harmful agents, physiological barriers play a crucial role in maintaining the health and integrity of an organism’s internal environment. Barriers can take different forms, ranging from a single cell layer (such as monolayers) to more complex cell cultures (like blood-brain barrier models composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes) or complete tissues (such as excised skins, epidermis, or full-thickness skins). These barriers serve as critical interfaces that control the passage of substances and protect the underlying structures from damage. In modern biomedical research, various biological barriers can be integrated into microfluidic lab-on-a-chip or organ-on-a-chip devices, enabling precise modeling and analysis of the physiological barriers in a controlled and realistic setting. This approach can facilitate the development of novel drug delivery systems, disease models, and tissue engineering applications.
Ectropion following topical 5-fluorouracil treatment
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Emma Villamaria, Nicole Dacy, Allie Preston, Chad Housewright
In accordance with these instructions, we highlight the importance of thorough patient counseling when prescribing topical 5-fluorouracil. In particular, patients should be advised to wash their hands thoroughly after application and avoid applying the medication near the eye. Dermatologists should emphasize that application near the orbital rim, eyelid, and medial and lateral canthi should be strictly avoided. Avoidance of mucous membranes is also recommended to avoid increased absorption and potential systemic toxicity. Additionally, dermatologists may consider providing further education to patients of advanced age, as barriers to medication compliance may affect these patients more significantly. For example, aging-related impairments in vision may affect the patient’s ability to read the medication handout and instructions.9 Additionally, elderly skin around the orbital rim may be more fragile and therefore prone to a more severe reaction if inadvertently exposed to the medication. As a result, we recommend educating patients about the possibility of these risks and performing risk-benefit analysis before prescribing topical 5-fluorouracil.
Fabrication of bio-engineered chitosan nanoformulations to inhibition of bacterial infection and to improve therapeutic potential of intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response in infection induced rat model
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Xiao Wan, Liu Liu, Lu Ding, Zhiqiang Zhu
The in vivo therapeutic potential of prepared nanoformulations was qualitatively investigated by histopathological observations of cross-sectioned rat GUT intestinal morphology after 28-days of administration as exhibited (Figure 7). The histopathological observations of Cur@CS NPs and control show pathological damages to villi in the ileum, duodenum, and jejunum. At the same time, Cur/Amp@CS NPs administrated models exhibited improved villous height and crypt depth of ileum, duodenum, and jejunum. The enhancement ratio of V and C in sections of duodenum and jejunum was measured in Cur/Amp@CS NPs with comparison of Cur@CS NPs. Generally, intestinal mucous membrane forms an epithelial cell constructed monolayer, would mainly contribute to the important intestinal functions of digestion, nutrients absorption and preventing disturbances of pathogens and toxic substances from intake foods. Commonly, digestive related syndromes and microbes’ infections could create intestinal dysfunction and impaired epithelial function significantly affect villus height, immune homeostasis, unbalancing absorptive-secretory electrolytes, enhanced inflammatory response, and upsetting barrier functions would lead to diarrhea. Our observations demonstrated that prepared nanoformulations Cur/Amp@CS NPs and Cur@CS NPs have significantly protected intestinal morphology (Figure 7) by upsurging the villus height, which was greatly consistent with previously proved results (Chen & Zhou, 2018; Pei et al., 2019).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Endoderm
- Epithelium
- Eye
- Eyelid
- Nasal Mucosa
- Oral Mucosa
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Biological Membrane
- Body Orifice
- Ear