Musculoskeletal system
David A Lisle in Imaging for Students, 2012
Bones develop and grow through primary and secondary ossification centres (Fig. 8.3). Virtually all primary centres are present and ossified at birth. The part of bone ossified from the primary centre is termed the diaphysis. In long bones, the diaphysis forms most of the shaft. Secondary ossification centres occur later in growing bones, most appearing after birth. The secondary centre at the end of a growing long bone is termed the epiphysis. The epiphysis is separated from the shaft of the bone by the epiphyseal growth cartilage or physis. An apophysis is another type of secondary ossification centre that forms a protrusion from the growing bone. Examples of apophyses include the greater trochanter of the femur and the tibial tuberosity. The metaphysis is that part of the bone between the diaphysis and the physis. The diaphysis and metaphysis are covered by periosteum, and the articular surface of the epiphysis is covered by articular cartilage.
Animal Models Of Connective Tissue Diseases
Marcos Rojkind in Connective Tissue in Health and Disease, 2017
Menkes' disease (kinky hair disease, steely-hair syndrome, trichopoliodystrophy) is an inherited multiple-systems disorder characterized by abnormalities of the hair, arteries, bones, and central nervous system.49,50 Hypothermia, unusual facies, slow growth, and the presence of grayish-to-ivory-colored fragile hair are several of the early clinical changes observed in affected male infants. At several months of age, progressive cerebral degeneration with myelin deficiency and neuronal loss, especially in the cerebellum, are noted. Vascular complications which develop include vascular fragility with subdural hematomas, aneurysm formation, and thrombosis. The bone changes include osteoporosis with pathological fractures and widening of the metaphyses. Affected children usually survive from 3 months to 3 years after birth. The disorder is inherited as a sex-linked trait.
Principles of management of osteoporotic fractures
Peter V. Giannoudis, Thomas A. Einhorn in Surgical and Medical Treatment of Osteoporosis, 2020
Buttress plating is advantageous for metaphyseal fractures. The proximal tibia can have complex fracture patterns in osteoporotic bone. The principles of articular restoration are paramount, whether through a plate of separate interfragmentary screws. Comminution and impaction of osteoporotic bone mean anatomical restoration of the metaphysis cannot always be achieved. One or more plates per plateau is recommended (35). Buttressing can be performed through both open and minimally invasive methods with similar results, complications, and reoperation rates in a younger population (36). There is a paucity of high-quality evidence looking at the tibial buttress in geriatric populations (37). Minimally invasive buttress techniques are attractive options in the osteoporotic patient to respect the soft tissue envelope.
Effect of resistance training combined with β-glucan ingestion on bone of ovariectomized mice
Published in Climacteric, 2022
D. A. Galdino-Alves, G. J. de Sá Pereira, N. de Oliveira Bertolini, R. D. Ferreira, M. de Souza Santos, B. R. Barrioni, M. de Magalhães Pereira, E. F. Andrade, B. Del Bianco-Borges, L. J. Pereira
Serial sections of approximately 5 µm were executed on the distal metaphysis area (1 mm from the epiphyseal plate). Subsequently, cuts were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for analysis by light microscopy. The images of the histological sections were captured by a camera (SC30 CMOS Color Camera for Light Microscopy; Olympus Optical do Brasil Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil) attached to the Olympus CX31 binocular microscope (Olympus Optical do Brasil Ltda). All images were captured in the 40× objective. The measurements were performed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). For histomorphometric analysis, three sections of each sample were selected. The images were subjected to histometric analysis. To calculate the number of osteocytes per area, images were examined using a field grid. The mean number of osteocytes in each sample was then calculated [18].
Distraction plating for bilaterally severely comminuted distal radius fracture: a case report
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
Yuta Izawa, Hiroko Murakami, Tetsuya Shirakawa, Kazuo Sato, Toshiki Yoshino, Yoshihiko Tsuchida
A male patient aged 50 years jumped from the 3rd floor of his house in an attempted suicide and was injured. The patient presented at the emergency department and was diagnosed with cerebral contusions, multiple rib fractures, pulmonary contusions, and bilateral distal radial and ulnar open fractures (AO:2R3C3.3, AO:2U3A3, Gustilo-Anderson classification: type 2) (Figure 1). Irrigation, debridement, and external fixation were performed on the day of the injury. Computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral severe comminution of the radial metaphysis (Figures 2 and 3). We evaluated that it would be difficult to perform internal fixation using a volar locking plate or fragment-specific fixation, as the soft tissue condition was also poor. Hence, we planned to fix the injuries using distraction plating.
Physiological testosterone replacement effects on male aged rats with orchiectomy-induced osteoporosis in advanced stage: a tomographic and biomechanical pilot study
Published in The Aging Male, 2021
Vinícius de Paiva Gonçalves, Adriana Alicia Cabrera-Ortega, Jhonatan de Souza Carvalho, Dania Ramadan, Luís Carlos Spolidorio
The region of interest (ROI) included 100 slices in the proximal metaphysis of the femur for both trabecular and cortical bone analyses. To standardize the ROI for all samples, the first 350 slices from the epiphysis were discarded. The bone microarchitecture parameters evaluated were bone volume fraction (BV/TV, %), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.S), trabecular and cortical connectivity density (Conn.D), cortical thickness (C.Th), cortical total porosity (Po.tot) and bone mineral density (BMD). The calibration for bone mineral density (BMD) measurements was performed with two calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) phantom rods containing two different concentrations of 0.25 and 0.75 g CaHA/cm3, respectively. The phantom rods were scanned and reconstructed using the same parameters as those used for the femur, as described above. The attenuation coefficient was entered into the calibration dialogue window in CTAn to determine BMD (mg/cm3) [19,20,22].