Biotensegrity
Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett in Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Prior to the first FRC in 2008, Langevin proposed that fascia could act as a body-wide signaling mechanism through three possible mechanisms: electrical, cellular, and tissue remodeling.17 Tensegrity theory would take this signaling function a step further, arguing that the body-wide signaling is inherent to the structure itself. All of the tissues of the musculoskeletal system derive from mesoderm. The embryologic fascia develops before the other tissues and becomes the context for development of muscles, bones, ligaments, and tendons.18 Thus, all of these “separate tissues” derive from a continuity. If the tension in the mesokinetic system (a term from Levin and Scarr6) is continuous, a physical stress to the structure instantly changes the shape of the entire structure. Thus, the stress is communicated through the entire structure instantaneously. If there has been injury with loss of pre-stress in the past (i.e., an injury without full repair of the fascial structure), the instantaneous communication would be altered at the area of injury and the body would adjust its shape to reestablish communication. How can this theory be applied clinically?
Anatomy and Embryology of the External and Middle Ear
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed in Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
The innervation of the lower arches and indeed their derivation are much less clear (Table 46.3). In fish, the layers between the arches break down to form the gill clefts, but in mammals this does not occur although grooves on the external surface of the embryo do develop and for a very short time come into contact with the endoderm lining the pharynx. However, mesoderm rapidly intervenes and develops into the normal adult structures. Occasionally there is failure of this system when the various branchial arch defects can occur as sinuses (blind-ended tracts opening onto an epithelial surface) as a cleft or groove fails to regress, or less commonly as fistulae (a tract running from one epithelial surface to another) when the ecto-endodermal junction breaks down.
Fetal and Neonatal Development of the Exocrine Pancreas
Jean Morisset, Travis E. Solomon in Growth of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Gastrointestinal Hormones and Growth Factors, 2017
The prenatal phase of pancreatic development is characterized by rapid exponential growth of both protodifferentiated and already differentiated acinar cells.13 This growth is dependent on mesodermal tissue, which increases proportionally in mass. Mesoderm from various embryonic sources is effective.14 A mesenchymal factor found in particulate fractions of homogenates (particles sedimenting between 4000 and 60,000 × g) of midgestational rat or chicken embryos stimulates DNA synthesis and amylase accumulation in young rat or mouse pancreatic rudiments stripped of their mesenchymal component.15-17 Older rat embryo or adult organ extracts are not effective. This mesenchymal factor appears to act via an interaction with the plasma membrane of pancreatic epithelial cells. One of the effects of this factor is to stimulate the endogenous production of cyclic AMP, because periodate-inactivated mesenchymal factor can be reactivated by the addition of a stable derivative of cyclic AMP. The pattern of mesenchymal factor production by surrounding mesenchyme may control pancreatic morphogenesis.
Role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological diseases through the effects on stem cells
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Nasim Sabouni, Hadi Zare Marzouni, Sepideh Palizban, Sepideh Meidaninikjeh, Prashant Kesharwani, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Amirhossein Sahebkar
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells. They can to differentiate into all derivatives of the three lineages: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Their excellent ability to generate partially all types of somatic cells of the adult body, such as neuronal cells, has made ESC a hopeful agent to ameliorate neurological injuries through stem cell therapy [15]. It has been demonstrated that low doses of curcumin induce the differentiation of embryonic stem cells by adjusting the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway [190]. Moreover, in a study considering the effects of chemopreventive agents on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells, it was found that curcumin significantly enhanced the differentiation of ESCs towards ectodermal lineages. Indeed, it could increase the expression of ectodermal transcripts at 0.4 µM [191].
Searching beyond nevi – A rare case of neurocutaneous ocular syndrome
Published in Orbit, 2022
Pooja Kulkarni, Meghana Tanwar, Usha Kim
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is a rare, congenital condition with multisystemic involvement. In this syndrome structures arising from ectoderm and mesoderm are primarily affected. The syndrome comprises of epidermal nevi along with ocular, musculoskeletal, and neurological symptoms especially seizures. Incidence of ENS syndrome is not exactly determined but epidermal nevi are usually found in 1 person over 1000 live births, there is no gender predilection for the same.1 In ENS 30–50% patients present with ocular manifestations.1,2 The various ocular manifestations reported are peribulbar choristomas, epidermal nevus and coloboma of eyelid, nystagmus, optic nerve coloboma, choroid osseous choristoma, cortical blindness, microphthalmia, and even cataract.3,4
Bidirectional regulation of genistein on the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Mailin Gan, Dongli Yang, Yuan Fan, Jingjing Du, Linyuan Shen, Qiang Li, Yanzhi Jiang, Guoqing Tang, Mingzhou Li, Jinyong Wang, Xuewei Li, Shunhua Zhang, Li Zhu
Skeletal muscle is an important tissue in animals, and it accounts for 30–40% of total body weight (Shen et al., 2016). Skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates are contractile, multinucleated cells that undergo a complex differentiation process during their development. The majority of myocytes are derived from the paraxial mesodermal somites. These mesodermal progenitor cells proliferate and subsequently withdraw from the cell cycle. They then differentiate into myotubes and myofibers; this maturation is driven by the muscle-specific factors (Sabourin & Rudnicki, 2000). Under the control of neural regulation, skeletal muscle and bones constitute the motor system, and skeletal muscle also a main metabolic organ and endocrine organ (Abe et al., 2016; Schnyder & Handschin, 2015). Skeletal muscle participates in glucose utilization, muscle glycogen synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation. It also synthesizes and secretes many active factors in the regulation of cell biological processes. The function of skeletal muscle is closely related to many diseases, including dyskinesia, muscle atrophy, insulin resistance, and obesity (Reynolds et al., 2016; Wu & Ballantyne, 2017).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Coelom
- Coelomocyte
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Gastrulation
- Germ Layer
- Mesenchyme
- Mesothelium
- Myogenesis
- Animal Embryonic Development