A to Z Entries
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The muscles of the elbow and forearm can be divided into five groups: the muscles of the arm that are involved with movements at the elbow joint, and four groups in the forearm (Figure 10; Table 2). The forearm muscles are divided into anterior and posterior groups, and then subdivided further into superficial and deep groups. The muscles of the arm that cross the front of the elbow and are responsible for flexing it are: biceps brachii, the large muscle on the front of the arm; brachialis which is deep to biceps brachii; and brachioradialis, a smaller muscle that inserts into the base of the radial styloid process. The biceps also contributes to supinating the forearm and stabilizing the shoulder joint. The biceps also crosses the front of the shoulder and is a weak shoulder flexor. The muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus are the superficial flexors of the forearm that flex the wrist and can also contribute to flexing the elbow. The extensors of the elbow cross the back of the joint and are the triceps brachii on the back of the humerus and the small anconeus.
Test Paper 6
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike in Get Through, 2017
With regard to physeal stress injury in children, all of the following statements are true, except: Little Leaguer’s shoulder refers to injury of the proximal humerus.Physeal injuries are more easily identified on MRI.Gymnast’s wrist refers to injury to the distal radius.Gymnast’s wrist results in negative ulnar variance.Little Leaguer’s elbow refers to injury to the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
The elbow
Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse in Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Pain from the elbow may be localized or diffuse, extending into the forearm. Localized pain over the lateral or medial epicondyle of the humerus is usually due to tendonitis (‘tennis elbow’ or ‘golfer’s elbow’ respectively). Certain activities such as lifting may trigger or exacerbate the pain. Pain from the dorsal aspect of the elbow is likely to be due to olecranon bursitis or rarely triceps tendinopathy; anterior elbow pain is likely to be due to distal biceps tendinopathy. Pain in childhood or adolescence requires further investigation to rule out osteochondritides. In older patients osteoarthritis is a common cause of symptoms. Remember that pain in the elbow is sometimes referred pain from the cervical spine.
Training of isometric force tracking to improve motor control of the wrist after incomplete spinal cord injury: a case study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Jayden A. Bisson, Jacob R. Dupre, Stacey L. DeJong
EMG was recorded from wrist flexors and extensors using a wireless EMG system (Trigno, Delsys, Inc., Natick, MA). Each sensor included the Delsys parallel silver bar technology, a fixed inter-electrode distance of 10 mm, and a bandwidth of 20–450 Hz. Standard Trigno sensors were adhered to the skin over the muscle bellies of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECR) muscles. The FCR electrode was placed along a line from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the radial styloid process, one-third of the distance from the epicondyle, as measured with the forearm supinated (Jabre, 1981). The ECR electrode was placed along a line from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radial styloid process, one-third of the distance from the epicondyle, as measured with the forearm pronated (Chow et al., 1999). Since the FCR and ECR electrodes likely also recorded activity from adjacent synergistic muscles, recordings are subsequently referred to as recordings from wrist flexors and wrist extensors. Synchronized EMG and force data were collected at 4000 Hz and saved to files for offline analysis. EMG signals were demeaned, full wave rectified, and filtered forward and backward using a second-order Butterworth low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 10 Hz.
Flexors activity of affected upper extremity in stroke patients during different standing conditions and their relationships with clinical scales: a cross-sectional study
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Sheng Wang, Xin Chen, Ren Zhuang, Zhiwei Yang, Wenjun Jiang, Tong Wang
Wireless surface electromyography (Noraxon Inc., Scottsdale, USA) recorded the electromyographic activities of eight upper extremity muscles on both sides, including bilateral biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis. According to the criterion of ‘The ABC of EMG’, 75% alcohol was wiped on the target areas, and skin preparation was needed for subjects with dense body hair. Single EMG Electrodes (Noraxon, USA) were attached to the upper 90% of the line between the second metacarpal bone and the medial epicondyle of the humerus (flexor carpi radialis), the upper 90% of the line between the second metacarpal bone and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (extensor carpi radialis) in the pronation of the forearm [26], and the lower one-third of the line between the acromion and the elbow fossa (biceps brachii), midpoint between acromion and olecranon of ulna (triceps brachii) [27]. The wireless sensor was affixed with double-sided adhesive beside the electrodes. While meeting the test requirements, the position of the sensor was adjusted appropriately to ensure that the subject did not rub the sensor while moving, so as to avoid abnormal EMG signal interference.
The relationship between thoracic posture and ultrasound echo intensity of muscles spanning this region in healthy men and women
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Tamara Prushansky, Lihi Kaplan-Gadasi, Jason Friedman
After signing the informed consent, subjects were given explanations regarding the procedure. The spinous processes of C7, T5 and T12 were then uniformly palpated in standing position, and marked with small color stickers to serve as anatomical landmarks for the measurements. Additional stickers were placed on the right and left anterior arm, 2/3 of the distance between the axillary fold and the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Comparative Anatomy
- Epicondyle
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle
- Lateral Epicondyle of The Humerus
- Pronator Teres Muscle
- Forearm
- Humerus
- Lateral Epicondyle of The Humerus
- Ulnar Collateral Ligament of Elbow Joint
- Common Flexor Tendon
- Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle