Physiology of the Larynx
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford in Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Wyke19, 20 postulated that mechanoreceptors are found in three sites: The mucosal lining of the larynx (mucosal mechanoreceptors). The corpuscular nerve endings in the surface covering of the vocal folds are particularly numerous and sensitive to the stimuli of muscle stretch, air pressure level, liquid and touch.5 They discharge impulses into the afferent fibres of the vagus.The capsules of the articulatory joints (articular mechanoreceptors). The existence and function of this group remain controversial.The extrinsic and laryngeal muscles (myotatic mechanoreceptors). The tone of the laryngeal muscles depends on the myotatic reflex, which is a function of the muscle spindles. The laryngeal muscles contain a large number of muscle spindles.21
Vulvar and extragenital clinical sensory perception*
Miranda A. Farage, Howard I. Maibach in The Vulva, 2017
It is helpful to briefly review how the perception of sensation is mediated by the nervous system. In glabrous and semiglabrous skin, the sensation of mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, and vibration) and the sensations of temperature and pain are mediated by different parts of the nervous system. Touch, pressure, and vibration are detected by specialized mechanoreceptors: rapidly adapting receptors, such as Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles, detect transient light touch and transient deep pressure, respectively; slowly adapting receptors, such as Merkel cells and Ruffini receptors, respond to more sustained touch, such as sensing texture or shape. The sensory input from these mechanoreceptors is conducted by large myelinated fibers in the peripheral nerves and by the dorsal column of the spinal cord.
Biomechanical studies for understanding falls in older adults
Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett in Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Sensory information from the limbs provides feedback regarding position, movement and touch. This information includes proprioception and tactile sensation. Proprioception is the awareness of body position, which comes from receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints and is often assessed by measuring one’s ability to determine joint position or joint movement. Two types of sensory receptors in skeletal muscles, muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, provide information regarding muscle tension and length (from which joint position can be determined), the velocity of movements and the force produced by to the muscle. Mechanoreceptors existing in joints and surrounding structures respond to distortion or pressure and also provide an indication of joint position, in addition to the degree of stretch, compression, tension, acceleration, and rotation. Tactile sensitivity is the awareness of touch and comes from receptors, generally in the skin that respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc). Plantar tactile sensitivity is reduced in older adults and correlated with measures of balance and functional test performance (Menz et al., 2005). Furthermore, quantitatively assessed impairments in peripheral sensation, including tactile sensitivity at the ankle, vibration sense at the knee and knee joint position sense, are significant and independent risk factors for falls in populations of older people (Lord et al., 1992,1994).
Functional effects of kinesiology taping for medial plica syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
In the first stage, the tape was applied with the functional correction technique, in which the tape was applied during the active mechanical correction. During the application of this method, the movement could be limited or assisted by stimulating the mechanoreceptors. The starting part of the tape was applied without stretching. Then, the tape was applied to the skin with a tension of 75% by making the desired movement in that area. This method allowed less power to be used during muscle contraction and created the sensory impulses (Celiker et al., 2011). For the first step, an I-band was measured from the top of the patella to the tibial tuberosity. The I-band was 6 cm wide and 5 mm thick and cut into a Y-band. First, the part of the band above the patella was pasted with 10% tension. Then, the participant’s knee was moved to maximum flexion, and the tails of the band were pasted around the patella with 0% tension and combined on the tuberosity. Except for the beginning and ending parts of the tape, the resistance applied was 75%, following the functional correction technique. Eventually, the starting part of the tape was applied with 10% tension, 75% tension was applied in the middle part, and only the ends of the tape were fixed with 0% tension at the end.
Acuity of goal-directed arm movements and movement control; evaluation of differences between patients with persistent neck/shoulder pain and healthy controls
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2022
Björn Aasa, Jonas Sandlund, Thomas Rudolfsson, Ulrika Aasa
Understanding patients’ functional impairments and activity limitations, and their potential origins is important for assessment and rehabilitation. Many patients with pain in the neck/shoulder region have problems performing daily activities involving hand and neck movements [1,2]. One of the many dynamic and interacting factors that may be associated with their compromised function and activity limitations could be altered movement coordination strategies [3]. It is the central nervous system (CNS) that controls movements and joint stability (‘the joint remaining or promptly returning to proper alignment through an equalisation of forces’ [4]). The CNS control requires well integrated information from both visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems, including proprioception. Proprioception involves conscious or unconscious awareness of joint position sense and is the product of afferent information from the mechanoreceptors in the muscle-tendon unit, joint, fascia and skin transmissioned to the CNS [5]. It has earlier been shown that patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in the upper quadrant show impairments in proprioception [6–12]. Notably, the information from the mechanoreceptors is integrated with visual and vestibular information and processed at many CNS-levels before activation of skeletal muscles [13].
Effects of neuromuscular training on psychomotor development and active joint position sense in school children
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Geraldine Silva-Moya, Guillermo Méndez-Rebolledo, Pablo Valdes-Badilla, Nicolás Gómez-Álvarez, Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz
Due to the importance of the sensory system and the muscular responses in motor development, neuromuscular training has been used with the aim of improving motor skills (Duncan et al., 2018a; Faigenbaum et al., 2011). Neuromuscular training could be defined as an intervention enhancing unconscious motor responses by stimulating both afferent signals and central mechanisms responsible for dynamic joint control (Risberg, Mork, Jenssen, & Holm, 2001). This is based on providing adequate information to mechanoreceptors so that the integration of muscle responses is more efficient. For this, this training uses balance, proprioception and strength exercises on stable and unstable surfaces (Diracoglu, Aydin, Baskent, & Celik, 2005; Lin, Delahunt, & King, 2012). In children, the evidence indicates that neuromuscular training is effective in improving lower limb motor skills and motor development in general (Duncan et al., 2018a; Duncan, Hames, & Eyre, 2018; Faigenbaum et al., 2011). However, for the upper body, the evidence is limited for the upper body. With respect to proprioception, research indicates that neuromuscular training improves the ability to sense joint movement in adults (Holm et al., 2004), while in children, no results have been reported with this type of intervention.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Central Nervous System
- Cutaneous Receptor
- Fascia
- Free Nerve Ending
- Sensory Neuron
- Type II Sensory Fiber
- Group A Nerve Fiber
- Receptive Field
- Merkel Nerve Ending
- Bulbous Corpuscle