Fascial Anatomy
David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey in Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Fascial architecture of the nerve is similar to the fascial architecture of the muscle. The nerve trunk is surrounded by epineurium, and the fascicles are surrounded by perineurium. Collagen fibers surround and are attached to the capsules of corpuscles and free nerve endings. The main sensory receptors in the musculoskeletal system are the proprioceptors, usually referred to as mechanoreceptors. Tissue function determines the amount of receptors in different parts of the body. The type of mechanical force transmission that is necessary in different parts of our body determines the number of mechanoreceptors that will be available. Mechanoreceptors are integrated into the fascial system. Many studies demonstrate the importance of mechanoreceptors in the fascial layers, especially highly innervated are the superficial layers of the deep fascia.12,21–23
The Somatosensory System
Golara Honari, Rosa M. Andersen, Howard Maibach in Sensitive Skin Syndrome, 2017
Psychophysical procedures have been traditionally employed to study the sense of touch, and as in hearing research where the sensory receptor is another type of specialized mechanoreceptor, different frequencies of vibration are used to quantify the response properties of this sensory system. Von Bekesy (7) was the first to use vibratory stimuli as an extension of his research interests in audition. In a typical experiment, participants are asked to respond with a simple button press when they can just detect the presence of a vibration presented to a digit within one of the two time periods. This two-alternative forced choice paradigm provides a threshold-tuning curve, the slopes of which provide information about a particular class of the response properties of LTMs. As can be seen from Figure 4.1, a U-shaped function is generated, with increasingly lower detection thresholds being measured as vibrotactile frequency increases to a peak at around 300 Hz, at which point the curve begins to increase again as sensitivity decreases.
Vulvar and extragenital clinical sensory perception*
Miranda A. Farage, Howard I. Maibach in The Vulva, 2017
It is helpful to briefly review how the perception of sensation is mediated by the nervous system. In glabrous and semiglabrous skin, the sensation of mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, and vibration) and the sensations of temperature and pain are mediated by different parts of the nervous system. Touch, pressure, and vibration are detected by specialized mechanoreceptors: rapidly adapting receptors, such as Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles, detect transient light touch and transient deep pressure, respectively; slowly adapting receptors, such as Merkel cells and Ruffini receptors, respond to more sustained touch, such as sensing texture or shape. The sensory input from these mechanoreceptors is conducted by large myelinated fibers in the peripheral nerves and by the dorsal column of the spinal cord.
X-ray-induced bio-acoustic emissions from cultured cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Bruno F. E. Matarèse, Hassan Rahmoune, Nguyen T. K. Vo, Colin B. Seymour, Paul N. Schofield, Carmel Mothersill
The original motivation for these experiments was the hypothesis that a physical signal, such as sound might explain some of the bystander phenomena observed in cells and between organisms. We have not at this stage attempted to demonstrate a direct link between these signals and RIBE, but we can rule out this acoustic mechanism at least for the inter-organism bystander processes due to the temporal co-dependence of irradiation and RIAE (Mothersill et al. 2012). However, it is still possible that it may play a role within tissues and it may also be associated with, or mediate the release of, other proposed signaling factors, such as exosomes. Data already exist linking acoustic stimulation with calcium dependent exosome release from cancer cells in culture (Ambattu et al. 2020). If RIAE contributes to the bystander effect there must be a sensing mechanism in non-irradiated cells. There are many examples of cellular mechanoreceptors which might be involved in sensing and transducing acoustic signals, discussed in Matarèse et al. (2022). For example, in some mammalian cell types, such as otic hair cells, signal transduction involves ion (Na+, K+, and Ca++) influx and signaling through the action of the MET mechanoreceptor which detects mechanical stretching and deformation of the hair cell membrane (Fettiplace 2017). We consider that it is of significance that calcium influx is the first measurable event in cells receiving a radiation-induced bystander signal (Lyng et al. 2000).
Somatosensory Information in Skilled Motor Performance: A Narrative Review
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Tyler T. Whittier, Christopher M. Patrick, Brett W. Fling
While neurophysiological and anatomical investigations are vital to understand sensory function, many clinicians and practitioners do not have access to the equipment mentioned above, nor are they interested in them because they do not directly address patient health. Rather, they are more often interested in the raw ability to detect and sense body position, with the assumption that it is informed by functioning mechanoreceptors. Many clinical assessments have been used to measure proprioception in various contexts. One method commonly used is the threshold to detect passive motion test (TTDPM). In this method, the investigator will move isolated body segments (either manually or with a machine) in a predetermined direction while other peripheral information is occluded, usually by blindfolds or headphones, etc. Participants are instructed to push a button or verbally respond as soon as they perceive the movement and direction (Han et al., 2016; Refshauge et al., 1995). Gibson (1966) labeled this type of proprioceptive information as “imposed proprioception” as it results entirely from external manipulation. For this purpose, Elangovan et al. (2014) refer to this method as the “purest” possible measure of proprioceptive function. In contrast, Han et al. (2016) argue that this method of assessing proprioceptive function lacks ecological validity because few daily movements involve passively imposed movements. Also, Gandevia et al. (1992) suggest that muscle spindle activity is diminished in passive movements and, as a result, the TTDPM test is largely measuring only the function of cutaneous receptors.
Pediatric neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with infection and microbiome alterations: clinical findings, possible role of the mucosal epithelium, and strategies for the development of new animal models
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Kurt Leroy Hoffman, Hugo Cano-Ramírez
3) Both respiratory and gut epithelia receive vagal sensory afferents and motor efferents. As described in the previous sections, vagal sensory afferents of the gut epithelium detect a variety of mechanical and chemical stimuli. Similarly, vagal sensory afferents of the respiratory system comprise a variety of mechanoreceptors (stretch and touch) and chemoreceptors (nocioceptive) [106]. Stimulation of these afferents evokes an ‘urge to cough’ and activity in a number of brain regions [107]. Given that the vagal nerve carries afferent and efferent fibers that mediate airway and esophageal reflexes, it is notable that food restriction symptoms in PANS often involved fear of choking, fear of vomiting, refusal to swallow own saliva, as well as fears of contamination from germs, poisons, or allergens [23].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Central Nervous System
- Cutaneous Receptor
- Fascia
- Free Nerve Ending
- Sensory Neuron
- Type II Sensory Fiber
- Group A Nerve Fiber
- Receptive Field
- Merkel Nerve Ending
- Bulbous Corpuscle