Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
A diagram of the hormonal regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular axis is shown in Figure 10.6. Both GnRH and the gonadotropins, LH and FSH, provide stimulatory inputs to the testes, while testosterone and inhibin provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the pituitary. The male genitalia consist of the gonads (testis), duct system (epididymis and vas deferens), an intromittent organ (penis), and accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands), as illustrated in Figure 10.7. Some of these structures are located within the pelvis and others are located outside the body cavity. The overall function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm, synthesize and secrete androgens, and regulate the secondary sex characteristics. A comprehensive review on the male reproductive system can be downloaded from Endotext at https://www.endotext.org/chapter/endocrinology-of-the-male-reproductive-system-and-spermatogenesis/.
Anticoagulant Therapy
Hau C. Kwaan, Meyer M. Samama in Clinical Thrombosis, 2019
An uncommon complication is localized necrosis in the skin or soft tissue.163–167 This complication may arise suddenly in an unpredictable site, initially as an erythematous patch, rapidly progressing to form a dark hemorrhagic area, followed by gangrene and, frequently, infection as well. The necrosis is generally complete with the skin or tissue sloughing off completely. There is a marked predilection for adipose tissues, particularly the breast in obese women as well as abdomen, buttocks, and thighs. Other soft subcutaneous tissues and muscle masses can also be affected and may result in amputation of limbs.165,167 Two unusual cases were reported with involvement of the external male genitalia resulting in amputation of the penis.166 Examination of the involved tissues revealed the presence of thrombi of varying sizes occluding normal-looking blood vessels.
Medicine in the Later Middle Ages
Arturo Castiglioni in A History of Medicine, 2019
Dissection, according to Mondino, begins with the opening of the abdomen by means of a vertical cut running a scuto oris stomachi directe usque ad ossa pectinis, to which is added a horizontal cut above the umbilicus. The intestinal musculature is fairly well described; the anatomy of the stomach is preceded by a long discussion of its position and function. The wall of the stomach is composed of an internal coat, the seat of sensation, and an external or fleshy coat that serves for digestion. For the examination of the spleen the dissector should remove the false ribs. The liver, according to Mondino, lies higher in the cadaver than in the living body. The vena chili (vena cava) is described with especial accuracy. The description of the male genitalia is given in much detail. The anatomy of the female genital organs is based entirely on the anatomy of animals, though Mondino doubtless had more than once dissected female cadavers. A new and interesting statement is that the uterus enlarges in menstruation as well as in pregnancy. Noteworthy also are his observations on hernia and its treatment, and on the anatomy of the bladder.
The efficacy and safety of tadalafil in the management of erectile dysfunction with diabetes and blood circulation issues
Published in The Aging Male, 2023
Jong Seung Lee, Seung-ho Hong, Hwa Yeon Sun, Hyunseung Jin, Byung Yeon Yu, Yong-jin Cho, Jin young Chang, Byung Wook Yoo
It is estimated that there are 537 million people with diabetes worldwide (20–79 years), accounting for approximately one out of five people aged 65 and above; by 2045, these would have increased to 783 million [1]. Due to westernized eating habits, such as the consumption of fast food, diabetes has become a common lifestyle disease with a prevalence of up to 13.7%. Diabetes, a condition with higher-than-normal blood glucose concentration, is caused by many factors, including aging, stress, obesity, and immune system abnormalities. Ninety percent of adult patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which can cause microvascular, macrovascular, and other miscellaneous complications (hyperglycemia, nephropathy, and retinopathy) through various mechanisms. In particular, erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in people with diabetes. A study reported that ED (including unstable erection) affects up to 50% of the diabetic population [2]. ED is attributed to different causes and can be of psychogenic (from psychological factors such as stress) and organic (caused by disabilities in the sex organ, blood vessel, endocrine, and nerve) types. Due to the high risk of complications in diabetes, patients often become psychologically anxious, and its complication, ED, also causes a loss of confidence, psychological frustration, and stress [3,4]. Thus, the patients should be cared for with a focus on this aspect as well.
Genetic variations as molecular diagnostic factors for idiopathic male infertility: current knowledge and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Mohammad Karimian, Leila Parvaresh, Mohaddeseh Behjati
Inflammation of male genitalia is another cause of male infertility. Cytokines play an important role in inflammation, maintenance of immune environment, and other homeostatic functions of testis [12]. One of the most important cytokine gene families involved in male reproduction is interleukin-1 (IL-1), in which its genetic polymorphism could increase the risk of male infertility [13]. Until now, various investigations have been performed which demonstrated the association between genetic polymorphism of various genes and enhanced susceptibility to male infertility. Thus, the aim of this study was to review the role of essential genetic polymorphisms involved in male infertility and their possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. For this purpose, in a literature review, we found related articles in reputable databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using keywords such as ‘male infertility,’ ‘spermatogenesis,’ ‘male reproductive system,’ ‘genetic polymorphism,’ ‘SNP,’ and ‘genetic variation,’ and then categorized and interpreted their information.
Sexual behavior and sexual health of transgender women and men before treatment: Similarities and differences
Published in International Journal of Transgender Health, 2021
María Dolores Gil-Llario, Beatriz Gil-Juliá, Cristina Giménez-García, Trinidad Bergero-Miguel, Rafael Ballester-Arnal
However, the most frequent sexual practice in the group of trans women was penetration. In this regard, there were significant differences between the two groups in having penetrative sex (insertive and receptive; using genitals and also sexual toys) (χ2=30.08; p=.000); 84.9% of trans women did so, compared to 73.4% of trans men. The onset of sexual relations was also earlier in trans women, with a mean age of 17.3 years, compared to 19.5 in trans men (t=-3.18; p=.002). It should be noted, however, that 61% of trans men had not been penetrated now or at first relationship. The group of trans women had practically never penetrated in their first relationship (only 4.1% did so) or currently (3.3%). That is, transgender women were usually penetrated (91.1% in their first relationship and 89.2% at present), which means they had relations with cisgender men, women and/or trans men using sexual toys. In conclusion, the group of people born with male genitalia mostly had relations in which they were penetrated by men/or by a sexual toy, whereas the group of people born with female genitalia mostly did not penetrate and were not penetrated.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Birth
- Sexual Characteristics
- Sexual Reproduction
- Cervix
- Gamete
- Uterus
- Fallopian Tube
- Prostate
- Fertilisation
- Penis