The liver, gallbladder and pancreas
C. Simon Herrington in Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Within the parenchyma of the liver there is a complex network of cells. Although the predominant cell type is the hepatocyte, a significant number of other cells, both resident and transitory, are important. Hepatocytes are arranged in plates, lining the blood-filled sinusoids. Sinusoidal endothelial cells are fenestrated, allowing direct access of hepatocytes to constituents of the blood. On the sinusoidal endothelial wall lie phagocytic Kupffer cells and within the perisinusoidal space of Disse are the hepatic stellate cells; these are myofibroblast precursors important in liver fibrosis (Figure 11.3). Liver-specific natural killer (NK) cells are located within the space of Disse and play an important role in the innate immune system response to viral infections. When liver cells are injured, regeneration is rapid and may be complete. Proliferation of hepatocytes can occur anywhere in the acinus, although experimental studies suggest that there is a reserve of hepatic progenitor cells close to the portal tract, within the canal of Hering, the ductular compartment connecting the bile canaliculi to the bile ductules at the limiting plate. The hepatic progenitor cells are capable of differentiating into hepatocytes and/or bile duct cells (cholangiocytes) when toxic injury or extensive hepatic necrosis precludes regeneration of mature hepatocytes.
Liver, Gallbladder, and Exocrine Pancreas
Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard in Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
The liver parenchyma has a generally similar gross and microscopic appearance among various mammalian species. The liver consists of lobes, which vary in number and shape between species but have consistent anatomic features across species. In toxicology studies, sample collection of the liver should be consistently conducted for histopathology and for other endpoints, since differences in response may be noted between different lobes and even within a single lobe of the liver. This includes the collection and trimming of protocol-defined lobes as well as the position and orientation for histopathology. Consistency of this sampling in small animals such as rats and mice will often enable identification of individual lobes from sections based upon the two-dimensional appearance and placement on the slides of the sections.
Spheroids of Normal Tissue in Culture
Rolf Bjerkvig in Spheroid Culture in Cancer Research, 2017
In spite of the rough treatment the cells are given in these culture systems, they tend to sort out in accordance with their original identity and aggregate in a manner comparable to histiotypic development.32,59,89,91,98,115 Tissue-specific cell aggregation factors have been isolated.116–118 Kidney cells form nephric epithelia, renal capsules, and tubules.119,120 Cells from the nervous system differentiate, form synapses and myelinated axons, and organize in complicated anatomical structures.14,19,22,24,43,81,83 The resulting aggregates express bioelectric activities characteristic for the tissue of origin.28,121 Liver cells reassociate to form liver parenchyma and bile ducts.19,85 In the same way, cells from the thyroid gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes show in vivo-like organization in vitro.25,26,122,123
Pre-Operative vs. Peri-Operative Nutrition Supplementation in Hepatic Resection for Cancer: A Systematic Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Bartholomew P. McKay, Annabel L. Larder, Vincent Lam
Hepatic malignancy encompasses a diverse range of pathologies with metastases occurring most frequently with an incidence up to 30 times greater than primary lesions (1). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy (>75% of lesions) arising from hepatocytes and is the third most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide (1–3). Moreover, cholangiocarcinoma arises from biliary epithelial cells and along with HCC accounts for the majority of primary malignant lesions observed clinically (1,4). Together, HCC and cholangiocarcinoma are responsible for approximately 20% of hepatic resections (5). In the last decade, hepatic resection for malignancy, namely colorectal and neuroendocrine liver metastases, with curative intent has become an increasingly performed procedure due to improved safety in surgical technique and peri-operative management (2,3,6–8). However, post-operative complications are still estimated to occur in 28-47% of patients undergoing hepatectomy with infectious complications occurring most frequently in 22–41% of cases (2,9). Additional common complications include bile leak, liver failure, renal failure, cardio-vascular compromise and hemorrhage (5). Damage to the liver parenchyma occurs through high-volume blood loss and long periods of ischemia intra-operatively (10). Post-operative deterioration in liver function is also seen because of the reduction in functional liver mass following resection (3,6–8,11). Coagulation impairment is one of the main characteristics of liver failure and its presence dramatically increases the risk of complications and affects prognosis (12).
Zingerone protects liver and kidney tissues by preventing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in methotrexate-treated rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Erdinç Türk, Mehmet Güvenç, Mustafa Cellat, Ahmet Uyar, Müslüm Kuzu, Ahmet Gökhan Ağgül, Akın Kırbaş
The histopathological score results showing the degree of protective activity of ZNG on liver injury by MTX according to groups are presented in Table 6, and their microscopic appearance was given in Figure 2(a–d). The liver tissues of the rats belonging to the control and ZNG groups represented normal histological appearance (Figure 2(a,d), respectively). It was observed that hepatocytes forming the liver parenchyma were located regularly around the vena centralis and consequently retained the structure of the remark cords (Hepatic cord) and sinusoids. Significant histopathological changes were observed in the liver tissues of rats belonging to the MTX group. It was observed that many liver lobules of this group had a distorted structure of remark cord with dilatation in sinusoids. Parenchymal and hydropic degeneration was observed in periacinal hepatocytes of these lobules with deteriorated remark cord structure. In some cases, common degenerations involving the periportal and midzonal regions of the lobules and in some cases common degenerations involving the entire lobules were observed. Hepatocytes were pale due to degeneration. Inflammatory cell infiltrations, connective tissue increase, and bile duct proliferation were observed. Some hepatocytes had pyknotic changes (Figure 2(b)). Significant improvement was observed in histopathological changes in the MTX + ZNG group. Slight parenchymal degeneration in hepatocytes, slight inflammatory cell infiltrations, and very slight sinusoidal dilatation was noted in the tissues of rats in this group (Figure 2(c)).
Role of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: a meta-analysis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Keyu Zeng, Zhenpeng Jiang, Jie Yang, Kefei Chen, Qiang Lu
We identified 1992 records. A total of 33 studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis, which included 21 on liver parenchymal diseases [2,11,17,18,24–40], 11 on focal liver lesions [14–16,41–48] and 1 on both of the diseases [49]. The selection process is shown in Figure 1. Of the 33 studies, 10 of them were prospective observational studies, 18 of them were retrospective observational studies, 2 of them were randomized controlled trials, and 3 of them were randomized crossover studies. The pooled number of patients was 2098. Mean age across studies ranged between 44 and 61 years. The pathological diagnosis of liver parenchymal diseases included nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, drug-induced liver injury, nonspecific cholestasis, nonspecific mild inflammation, autoimmune hepatitis, granulomatous hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The pathological diagnosis of focal liver lesions included primary liver malignancies (hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma), metastatic liver tumors (pancreatic, pulmonary, mammary, colon, gastric, prostate, and endometrial carcinoma) and benign masses. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the included studies.
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