Pelvic Trauma
Kajal Jain, Nidhi Bhatia in Acute Trauma Care in Developing Countries, 2023
Pelvic trauma is always a result of high-velocity trauma. It is one of the leading causes of death among youngsters and accounts for one-third of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Pelvic injuries account for 3% of traumatic skeletal injuries. The injuries can range from minor closed injuries to open injuries to life-threatening shock-like conditions. The pelvic cavity contains some vital organs (urogenital structures and hindgut structures), blood vessels (both arteries and veins) and nerves. The injuries to any of these can lead to significant morbidity. The injuries in children is severe as compared to adults due to greater plasticity of the immature pelvic ring, which requires very high velocity forces to disrupt the pelvic ring. Pelvic injuries are often associated with injuries to other body parts like the thorax, abdomen, spine and head injuries.
Reproduction
Frank J. Dye in Human Life Before Birth, 2019
The paired female gonads, the ovaries, are found in the pelvic cavity, which is the posteriormost portion of the abdominal cavity. Like most mammals (but unlike some other vertebrates), humans have a compact ovary. The ovaries are suspended in the pelvic cavity by a membrane called the mesovarium. Just inside the mesovarium is the cortex of the ovary, in which are found the germ cells. Inside the cortex is the medulla of the ovary, which contains a variety of housekeeping tissues such as blood vessels, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels. The bulk of the ovary is composed of somatic cells, which support the development of eggs. Some somatic cells are endocrine cells that secrete the ovarian steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Approximately once a month—by a process called ovulation—an egg is released from the surface of the ovary into the pelvic cavity. From here, the egg must enter the ducts of the female reproductive system (Figure 5.7).
Pelvis and perineum
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings in McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
The hip bone is formed from three fused bones: the ilium, the ischium and the pubis. Anteriorly the two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis. The pelvic brim (or pelvic inlet) is formed by the superior edge of the sacrum (with the sacral promontory in the midline), the arcuate line of the ilium, the superior ramus and body of the pubis and the pubic symphysis; this is the boundary between the true pelvis or pelvic cavity, inferior to the brim, and the false pelvis, bounded laterally by the wings of the ilium, which is the part above the brim and more properly belongs to the abdominal cavity. Note: When the bony pelvis is correctly orientated, it is tilted forwards so that the anterior superior iliac spines and the superior aspect of the pubic symphysis are in the same vertical plane (as when holding the bony pelvis against a wall with these bony points touching the wall). The pelvic cavity runs posteriorly almost at a right angle to the abdominal cavity.
Factors influencing magnetic resonance imaging finding of endopelvic fascial edema after ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroids
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Yuhang Liu, Yang Liu, Fajin Lv, Yuqing Zhong, Zhibo Xiao, Furong Lv
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for the postoperative follow-up of USgHIFU ablation because of its excellent soft tissue resolution that can assess the target and surrounding tissue. Some studies showed that the sacrococcygeal fascial edema, which is significantly associated with postoperative sacrococcygeal pain, can be observed in MRI in certain patients after USgHIFU [6]. However, the endopelvic fascia is the continuous connective tissue network that covers the structures of the pelvic cavity and contains many fascia and space other than the sacrococcygeal region, such as the parietal component (covered musculoskeletal structures such as the pelvic floor and wall), visceral component (attached to the pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, and rectum), and connective tissue linking these two components [7]. Injury to fascia may irritate or compress the underlying nerves causing pain or paresthesia in the corresponding area [8]. Moreover, the surrounding fasciae may also be involved in the pathophysiology of pelvic floor disorders and play an essential role in the support and suspension of the female pelvic floor structures [7,9].
The effectiveness of micronized progesterone in the complex therapy of ‘thin endometry’ syndrome
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Nagima M. Mamedalieva, Almagul M. Kurmanova, Saltanat B. Baikoshkarova, Saule Issenova, Balzira Bishekova, Gainy Zh. Anartayeva
All patients of the main and comparative groups underwent transvaginal echography on a GEVOLUSONE device (Austria) using a multi-frequency transvaginal transducer with a frequency of 4–10 MHz, with software for the implementation of a triplex scanning mode (gray-scale B-mode in combination of color and pulse Doppler in real time). Dynamic ultrasound examination was performed before and after treatment in phase II (during the ‘window of implantation’). The study began with a transabdominal ultrasound scan (with a filled bladder) to exclude pelvic masses. The study was continued after emptying the bladder: the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity was determined. Particular attention was paid to the study of the M-echo: thickness, echo structure, and the presence of inclusions. For the normal value of the M-echo was taken: a homogeneous structure, the absence of hypo- or hyperechoic inclusions, the correspondence of its structure to the day of the menstrual cycle, the thickness of the M-echo in the ‘implantation window’ not less than 8 mm. During the examination, in all the applicants of the comparison group, the thickness of the endometrium on the 20–22 day of the menstrual cycle was more than 7 mm. The criterion for ‘thin endometrium’ was the thickness of the endometrium less than 7 mm on the 20–24th day of the menstrual cycle.
Effects of silica nanoparticles on isolated rat uterine smooth muscle
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Selma Yaman, Ülkü Çömelekoğlu, Evren Değirmenci, Meryem İlkay Karagül, Serap Yalın, Ebru Ballı, Saadet Yıldırımcan, Metin Yıldırım, Adem Doğaner, Kasım Ocakoğlu
The uterus, which has a very important role in reproductive function, is a hollow muscular organ situated deep within the female pelvic cavity. The uterine smooth muscle is able to produce regular spontaneous contractions without any hormonal or nervous stimuli (Wray 1993). Uterine contractions are important in many reproductive functions including the transport of sperms and embryo, menstruation, pregnancy and parturition. Disturbed or irregular uterine activity may cause the common pathological disorders such as infertility, improper implantation, preterm labor, and weak uterine contraction during labor. In addition, successful labor is controlled by the coordinated activity and harmony between the uterine smooth muscle cells (Barany and Barany 1990). If however, this activity becomes too weak or strong, normal labor may not be progressed which could lead to fetal morbidity and mortality.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bladder
- Pelvic Inlet
- Sigmoid Colon
- Pelvic Floor
- Ureter
- Pelvis
- Urethra
- Rectum
- Body Cavity
- Sex Organ