Neuroanatomy overview
Michael Y. Wang, Andrea L. Strayer, Odette A. Harris, Cathy M. Rosenberg, Praveen V. Mummaneni in Handbook of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Spinal Medicine for Nurses and Advanced Practice Health Professionals, 2017
The four lobes of the brain are named for the bone under which they sit and are separated by lateral and central sulci as follows: Frontal: The frontal lobe sits anterior to the central sulcus. It is responsible primarily for decision making, problem solving, and planning.Parietal: The parietal lobe sits posterior to the central sulcus. Its primary function is sensory and motor input. The sensory cortex and the motor cortex are located in the parietal lobe.Temporal: The temporal lobe is located inferior to the lateral sulcus. The primary functions of the temporal lobe are language, hearing, and memory.Occipital: The occipital lobe is located posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes. Its primary function is vision.
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor in Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
The cerebral cortex is folded into numerous convolutions called gyri, separated by fissures or sulci, for accommodation in a limited space within the skull, rendering the cortex a massive surface area of around 2200 square centimeters. The lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure), and the central sulcus (Rolandic fissure), along with an imaginary line connecting the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipital notch, divide the cerebral hemisphere into four lobes—the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. The frontal lobe lies anterior to the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus; the parietal lobe lies behind the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus; the temporal lobe is below the lateral sulcus; and the occipital lobe lies below and behind the imaginary line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipital notch.
Head, neck and vertebral column
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings in McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
The cells that store conscious thoughts are located on the surface of the brain. Which statement below is the most accurate?Motor cells responsible for movement of the hand are located in the gyrus just anterior to the calcarine sulcus.Motor cells responsible for the movement of the tongue are located in the temporal lobe just inferior to the lateral sulcus.Sensory cells responsible for the conscious appreciation of pin pricks to the hand are located on the gyrus just anterior to the central sulcus.Sensory cells responsible for noting vision are located just anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus.Speech is controlled by cells located in the frontal lobe just above the anterior aspect of the lateral sulcus.
The neuropsychological outcomes of non-fatal strangulation in domestic and sexual violence: A systematic review
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Helen Bichard, Christopher Byrne, Christopher W. N. Saville, Rudi Coetzer
An exploratory study used whole brain MRI scanning to compare IPV survivors, 18 of whom had been strangled, with non-victims (Daugherty et al., 2020). Controlling for other factors, including TBI, sociodemographics, and childhood trauma, strangulation showed a significant negative correlation with cortical thickness in the horizontal ramus of the anterior segment of the lateral sulcus, which feeds into language areas (−0.35). There were no between-group structural differences in the hippocampus. However, the authors excluded participants with neurological illness, such as seizures, as well as cognitive impairment and substance misuse, which may have removed those most severely affected. They did not assess for loss of consciousness, so strangulation severity could not be included in the analysis. Finally, as an exploratory study, they did not account for performing multiple analyses. They concede therefore that a larger study might not replicate these findings.
mRNA expression of the P5 ATPase ATP13A4 is increased in Broca’s area from subjects with schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Andrew S. Gibbons, Laura M. Bell, Madhara Udawela, Brian Dean
A case history review was completed for each subject, using the Diagnostic Instrument for Brain Studies (DIBS) (Hill et al. 1996; Roberts et al. 1998). A consensus diagnosis was made on completion of this review by two psychiatrists and a psychologist. Left hemispheric, BA 44 and BA 8 tissue was obtained post-mortem from 30 subjects with schizophrenia and 30 age-/sex-matched subjects with no history of psychiatric illness (controls) (Table 1; Supplementary Table). The cortical regions were dissected according to defined cytoarchitectural boundaries: BA 8 was defined as being primarily in the superior frontal gyrus and extending from the cingulate sulcus on the medial surface to the middle frontal gyrus; BA 44 was the region occupying the opercular region of the inferior frontal gyrus, bounded rostrally by the ascending limb of the lateral sulcus and caudally by the inferior precentral sulcus.
Utility of right adrenal signature veins in venous sampling for primary aldosteronism
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Zhenglin Shen, Shaoyong Xu, Siyu Guan, Bo Chen, Qingan Li, Ming Yu, Zhao Gao
3D reconstruction was successfully performed in all 41 cases of the right adrenal gland. The gland’s 3D structure was displayed on three surfaces: the front outer surface, the rear inner surface, and the rear lower surfaces. The gland was made up of three ridges in the anterior–posterior direction: the top limb, medial limb, and lateral limb, with the outer edge of the three limbs referred to as the margo liber. These three adjacent limbs combined into a part and formed a cord from back to front called the combination cord, which was divided into three equal parts. The ventral side of the three limbs and combination cord was the head, the middle part was the body, and the dorsal side was the tail. The tail of the combination cord was the starting point of the combination part, which extended forward to form the head of the combination cord. The top limb and lateral limb constituted the uvula, while the surfaces of every two adjacent limbs together formed a surface, with three surfaces in total. The surfaces of the top limb and medial limb formed the inner surface, the surfaces of the top and lateral limb formed the outer surface, and the surfaces of the medial limb and lateral limb formed the inferior surface. A sulcus was often formed at the combination surface of every two limbs on the corresponding surface, namely the medial sulcus, lateral sulcus, and inferior sulcus. These grooves were deep, usually covering the front top of the kidney (Figure 1). In general, the right adrenal gland in 90% of patients (37 cases) exhibited a ‘Lama hat’ shape (Figure 2(A)), while four cases (10%) showed the shape of a ‘triangular leaf of pitaya’ (Figure 2(B)).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cerebral Hemisphere
- Inferior Frontal Gyrus
- Insular Cortex
- Neuroanatomy
- Parietal Lobe
- Transverse Temporal Gyrus
- Frontal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Brain
- Sulcus