Profile of Toxic Pufferfish
Ramasamy Santhanam in Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
Description: In this species, longitudinal skin fold is extending on the ventrolateral corner of the body from the chin to the ventral part of the caudal peduncle. Lateral line system comprises ventral and lateral elements, the ventral element coursing along the skin fold and the lateral element extending along the mid-lateral side of the body from the region dorsal to the gill opening to the caudal-fin base with the anterior extension coursing from ventral to the eye to the snout region. There are two openings in the nasal organ and are broad. Ventral surface of the head and belly are covered with spinules, extending just posterior to the lower jaw to slightly before the anus. Spinules on the back are forming a rhomboidal or elliptical patch. Caudal fin is slightly lunate and the middle rays are slightly produced posteriorly. Dorsal and ventral tips of the caudal fin are produced posteriorly. Dorsal side of the body is brown with several dark bands crossing over the back. First band is between the eyes; second is above the gill opening; third is above the posterior part of the pectoral fin; and fourth is encircling the dorsal-fin base. A couple of small dark markings is seen on the dorsal side of the caudal peduncle. A silver-white band is running on the side of the body. Dorsal fin is dusky. Caudal fin is dark brown or almost black with the dorsal and ventral white tips. Pectoral and anal fins are pale. It has a maximum total length of 26 cm.
A Protective Role for Vagal Afferents: An Hypothesis
Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes in Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
One of the most intriguing phylogenetic mysteries is the link between the vagus, the transducer for orientation and for detection of oscillations in the surrounding medium, and nausea and vomiting. In fish, both orientation within the environment and the detection of objects by the vibrations they generate, are transduced by the lateral line system, which is innervated by facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves. In terrestrial vertebrates, both functions are the province of the membranous labyrinth, which is innervated by the vestibulocochlear nerve, but the three lateral line nerves (facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal) retain an innervation of the structures surrounding the labyrinth, namely the outer and middle ears. That emesis and an increase in gastric capacity can be evoked by stimulation of the ears of feasting Romans and overindulging aldermen has passed into legend, indicating that vagal aural receptors induce vomiting. At the same time, abnormal stimulation of the labyrinth is a strong stimulus for nausea and vomiting, as any nautical tyro will testify. It has been suggested that the brain uses mismatch between vestibular and visual input to detect poisoning,113 and removal of the labyrinths impairs the effectiveness of some emetic agents.91 Furthermore, it has been shown that vestibular stimulation evokes a vagal response.4 Apart from aural vagal receptors, cardiac vagal receptors are also able to induce gastric relaxation and vomiting.3
Stimulation of abdominal and upper thoracic muscles with surface electrodes for respiration and cough: Acute studies in adult canines
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2018
James S. Walter, Joseph Posluszny, Raymond Dieter, Robert S. Dieter, Scott Sayers, Kiratipath Iamsakul, Christine Staunton, Donald Thomas, Mark Rabbat, Sanjay Singh
Optimization tests for maximal expirations were conducted with electrodes placed over lower thoracic and abdominal muscles. Current-response tests were conducted first and included methods that we have previously shown to be effective.11,27 Three bilateral sets of electrodes were used that had one pole of the bipolar set of electrodes on one side of the animal and the other pole on the other side. Electrodes were equally spaced along the lateral line and were connected to separate stimulation channels. The lateral line divides the ventral from the dorsal halves of the lower thoracic and abdominal walls and is the same as the midaxillary line.11 The electrodes were placed at the 8th and 10th intercostal spaces as well as 4.25 cm caudal to the 13th rib (Fig. 1 shows 4 electrodes that are 4.5 cm dorsal to the lateral line). Stimulation parameters were 50, 80 and 100 mA, 1.4-second stimulation period, and 50 Hz frequency. Responses to stimulation were measured as the peak expired volume and peak abdominal pressure. These values usually occurred at the end of the stimulation period.
Understanding neurobehavioral effects of acute and chronic stress in zebrafish
Published in Stress, 2021
Konstantin A. Demin, Alexander S. Taranov, Nikita P. Ilyin, Anton M. Lakstygal, Andrey D. Volgin, Murilo S. de Abreu, Tatyana Strekalova, Allan V. Kalueff
In addition to anxiety (caused by anticipation of danger, Table 2), stress also elicits human or animal fear – a rapid response to immediate danger, that is transitory and dissipates when the danger passes (Davis, Walker, Miles, & Grillon, 2010). Conceptually, large-scale behavioral screening may help differentiate fear- vs. anxiety-like stress-induced states in zebrafish (Jesuthasan, 2012). For example, larval zebrafish sense the movement of water generated by the predator (via the lateral line) and display escape behaviors (McHenry, Feitl, Strother, & Van Trump, 2009). A fear-like escape response can also be reliably elicited in adult zebrafish by alarm pheromone (excreted by the skin of injured conspecifics, Figure 1) (Jesuthasan & Mathuru, 2008; Speedie & Gerlai, 2008), the electric shock (Kenney, Scott, Josselyn, & Frankland, 2017), or exposure to an animated (moving) bird silhouette (Luca & Gerlai, 2012).
Effects of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish
Published in Temperature, 2020
Helene Volkoff, Ivar Rønnestad
Food is detected via a wide range of chemical (olfaction and taste), visual (eyes), and mechanical (lateral line) stimuli. In most species, olfaction detects the most distant stimuli while touch and gustation detect the closest ones and vision plays the most prominent role in prey/food detection [48]. However, there is variation among fish species. For example, plaice Pleuronectes platessa is mostly dependent on vision for feeding but sole Solea solea relies principally on chemoreception and mechanoreception [49]. In Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi, blocking of olfaction, but not vision or lateral line, decreases feeding behavior [50]. Similarly, in goldfish, destruction of the eyes [51] or reduced visibility (increased water turbidity) [42] does not affect food intake, although it increases locomotion and the time taken to reach food, whereas impairment of olfaction decreases feeding behavior [52]. In red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, blocking vision alone or olfaction alone does affect predation, whereas fish with the lateral line system blocked exhibited low predation rate [53]. Some fish species are also reliant on hearing for detection of predators and prey, particularly in muddy or dark habitats when vision is limited [54].
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