A to Z Entries
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The elbow joint includes the ulnohumeral, radiohumeral and proximal radioulnar joints. This complex joint is held together by several extracapsular ligaments (Figure 9). On the sides of the joint are the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, which are also referred to as the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments. The medial collateral ligament runs from the medial humeral epicondyle to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna. The lateral collateral ligament runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the anular ligament. These two ligaments check movement of the ulnohumeral and radiohumeral joints in flexion and extension, as well as checking the small amount of abduction and adduction which occurs at the elbow.
The elbow
David Silver in Silver's Joint and Soft Tissue Injection, 2018
The common insertion of the extensor muscles of the forearm and the hand is the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. These muscles are essentially the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris and digitorum muscles. Strain of any of these muscles at their insertion will cause a tendinosis at this site, which will produce an easily localised point of acute tenderness. Asking the patient to extend the wrist against resistance enables the operator to pinpoint the lesion accurately.
The Antebrachium
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause in Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
Remove the tough fascia which covers the anconeus, so that its attachments to the humerus and ulna can be seen. The anconeus appears to be, and functions as, a distal component of the triceps brachii muscle. It arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts upon the lateral aspect of the olecranon. The anconeus is innervated by a continuation of a nerve branch which supplies the medial head of the triceps brachii.
Reverse vascularized bone graft of the lateral distal humerus for non-union of the radial neck fracture: anatomical study and case report
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2019
Akito Nakanishi, Kenji Kawamura, Shohei Omokawa, Takamasa Shimizu, Yasuaki Nakanishi, Akio Iida, Kanit Sananpanich, Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh, Yasuhito Tanaka
There were two to four PRCA branches (mean: 3.3) entering the bone through the periosteum. The distances from the branches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus ranged from 2.5 to 10.8 cm. The distances from the most proximal and distal branches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus were 4.5–10.8 cm (mean: 7.6) and 2.5–5.5 cm (mean: 3.4), respectively. The distances between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the radial neck were 2.8–3.5 cm (mean: 3.2). These results suggested that the most distal branch of the PRCA was unsuitable to use in harvesting a pedicled vascularized bone graft for the treatment of radial neck fracture non-union. In order to make enough length of the vascular pedicle of the bone graft to reach the radial neck, the more proximal branch should be selected. From this anatomical study, the vascularized bone graft can be transferred to the radial neck in 100% when the most proximal branch is used.
Flexors activity of affected upper extremity in stroke patients during different standing conditions and their relationships with clinical scales: a cross-sectional study
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Sheng Wang, Xin Chen, Ren Zhuang, Zhiwei Yang, Wenjun Jiang, Tong Wang
Wireless surface electromyography (Noraxon Inc., Scottsdale, USA) recorded the electromyographic activities of eight upper extremity muscles on both sides, including bilateral biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis. According to the criterion of ‘The ABC of EMG’, 75% alcohol was wiped on the target areas, and skin preparation was needed for subjects with dense body hair. Single EMG Electrodes (Noraxon, USA) were attached to the upper 90% of the line between the second metacarpal bone and the medial epicondyle of the humerus (flexor carpi radialis), the upper 90% of the line between the second metacarpal bone and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (extensor carpi radialis) in the pronation of the forearm [26], and the lower one-third of the line between the acromion and the elbow fossa (biceps brachii), midpoint between acromion and olecranon of ulna (triceps brachii) [27]. The wireless sensor was affixed with double-sided adhesive beside the electrodes. While meeting the test requirements, the position of the sensor was adjusted appropriately to ensure that the subject did not rub the sensor while moving, so as to avoid abnormal EMG signal interference.
Focussing on the foot in psoriatic arthritis: pathology and management options
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Aimie Patience, Philip S. Helliwell, Heidi J. Siddle
The insertion of the Achilles tendon at the heel is the most prevalent site affected (3, 6) (Figure 3); however, enthesitis can also typically be detected in the foot at the insertion of the plantar fascia at the calcaneus, tibialis posterior at the navicular tuberosity, and peroneus brevis tendon at the base of the fifth metatarsal. A clinical enthesitis index, specific to PsA, has been developed which examines tenderness at six points of the body: bilateral lateral epicondyle of the humerus, medial condyle of the femur, and the Achilles tendons at the posterior prominence of the calcaneus [22]; however, the location and presentation of enthesitis in the foot can make it challenging to differentiate clinically from synovitis, bursitis, and other inflammatory joint manifestations [23] (Figure 4). Enthesitis was typically underdiagnosed in patients with PsA; however, the routine use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing and monitoring the disease has increased the detection of enthesitis and enables more detailed investigation. Both modalities provide different, valuable information: MR imaging allows assessment of soft-tissue, entheseal and bone edema, bone erosion, and enthesophyte formation while ultrasound assesses vascularization (power Doppler ultrasound [PDUS]), echogenicity, fluid, ligament abnormalities, and tendon thickening [24]. The severity of enthesitis detected by ultrasound is a potential marker for peripheral and axial radiographic joint damage [25]; however, a recent study found no correlation at the insertion of the Achilles tendon [26].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anconeus Muscle
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle
- Extensor Digitorum Muscle
- Supinator Muscle
- Tendon
- Elbow
- Tubercle
- Radial Collateral Ligament of Elbow Joint
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Muscle
- Extensor Digiti Minimi Muscle