Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity
K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika in Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
The root of the tooth is embedded in the alveolar bone of the maxilla and mandible. The cementum is a hard tenacious layer that covers the root surface, which is 15–150 microns thick. The tooth is anchored to the alveolar bone through periodontal ligament, a fibro-epithelial tissue layer that is sensitive to pressure stimuli, but at the same time protective for the tooth by acting as a cushion against microtrauma. The periodontal ligament is seen extending from the cementum of the root to the cortical plate of the alveolar bone (supporting bone surrounding the tooth structure of maxilla and mandible). The thin cortical plate aids in attachment to the periodontal ligaments, which is described as a lamina dura and is a radiopaque line in radiographs.
Periodontal Diseases
Lars Granath, William D. McHugh in Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
Antibiotics have been shown to inhibit plaque formation. Soon after it was found to cure bacterial infections, penicillin was incorporated into toothpaste and found to reduce caries by 55% or more.160 Local use of penicillin was not favored, however, because of the bacterial resistance and hypersensitivity which it tended to induce so that it has not been utilized as a plaque-control agent. Other broad-spectrum antibiotics such as tetracycline have been used for control of plaque. Löe and others found that local daily use of tetracycline substantially depressed plaque formation, whereas vancomycin (which is effective against only Gram-positive bacteria) and polymixin B (which affects only Gram-negative organisms) were much less effective.85 More recently, short-term systemic tetracycline has been used as an adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy. It has been found to enhance healing as measured by reduced pocket depth and restoration of crestal lamina dura and to halt the rapid destruction which tends to occur in localized juvenile periodontitis.41,42 Localized application of tetracycline in hollow filaments has also been found advantageous in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.48,80 The effectiveness of tetracycline is probably due to the fact that it is concentrated in saliva and gingival fluid and that periodontopathic organisms, particularly Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are sensitive to it.50,137 Another potential mechanism is the establishment of organisms inhibitory to A. actinomycetemcomitans after tetracycline therapy since such organisms (e.g., S. sanguis and S. uberis) have been found in healthy sites.54
Dental
Dave Maudgil, Anthony Watkinson in The Essential Guide to the New FRCR Part 2A and Radiology Boards, 2017
The following are recognised causes of loss of the lamina dura. True or false? Osteoporosis.Addison’s disease.Paget’s disease.Scleroderma.Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Influence of fiber insertion and different material type on stress distribution in endocrown restorations: a 3D-FEA study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Gulhan Yildirim, Cihan Demir, Melahat Çelik Güven, Osman Koç, Evrim Eligüzeloglu Dalkiliç
A three-dimensional (3D) model of a mandibular first molar tooth was digitized with a micro-CT (Computed Tomography) scanner system (InEos X5, Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany). This blue light lab scanner is accredited to be accurate within 2.1 microns (ISO 12836) (Etemad-Shahidi et al. 2020). The sample size was determined by using a sample size calculation with 95% confidence level and a margin of error of 5%. This has been confirmed by previous studies as acceptable to achieve statistically significant results (Mangano et al. 2017; Kang et al. 2020). Point clouds were obtained from these scans and were exported in stereolithography (STL) format. The file in STL format was processed in the Spaceclaim CAD software program (SpaceClaim Corporation; Canonsburg, PA, USA). The solid tooth model and its sub-components were obtained according to the point density. The periodontal ligament (PDL) and cortical bone were simulated around the models. The FEA models were modeled with 0.2 mm thickness periodontal ligament, 0.3 mm thickness lamina dura, and the cortical and trabecular bone were generated. Cortical bone structure was constructed with a 2 mm thickness (Kraus et al. 1969).
Tooth root and alveolar bone grey values derived from cone-beam CT imaging in maxillary incisor teeth with and without apical root resorption
Published in Journal of Orthodontics, 2018
Marcio José da Silva Campos, Karine Simões Silva, Paula Moraes Lupatini, Marcelo Reis Fraga, Robert Willer Farinazzo Vitral
In the present study, the alveolar bone of the lingual region of the maxillary incisors with ARR showed mean values of ABGV greater than those of the adjacent bone of the incisors without ARR, however, without a statistically significant difference. This finding indicated that ARR during orthodontic treatment was not associated with the degree of mineralisation of the alveolar bone located in the lingual region of the root. Conversely, the alveolar bone of the supra-apical region exhibited values of ABGV significantly smaller in the incisors with ARR. This might have occurred because in the incisors with ARR the area delineated for the evaluation of the supra-apical region became more distant from the root apex and consequently from the lamina dura of the alveolar bone that contours the apex, what may have decreased the cortical/medullary bone ratio in the evaluations of the teeth on this group.
Influence of the coronal restoration on the outcome of endodontically treated teeth
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Sebastian Stenhagen, Haakon Skeie, Asgeir Bårdsen, Torgils Laegreid
The PAI-scores of the different endodontic treatments are shown in Table 3. Sjögren et al. published a similar study in 1990, where 356 patients treated at the University of Umea were included [34]. The authors concluded that 96%, 86% and 62% of pulpectomies, necrotic treatments with apical pathology and retreatments with apical pathology were successful, respectively. The results are similar to those found in this study. Sjögren et al. used the Strindberg criteria to grade success of the endodontic treatment, while the PAI-score was used in this study. Other studies used increased periodontal space and loss of lamina dura as definition of apical periodontitis, and might have led to an overregistration of apical pathology [35,36].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alveolar Process
- Bone
- Dental Alveolus
- Trabecula
- Periodontal Fiber