Critical Appraisal of Animal Models for Antibiotic Toxicity
Adorjan Aszalos in Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Lesions encountered in the renal cortex included tubular vacuolar or granular degeneration, peritubular inflammation, tubular necrosis, tubular dilatation, tubular basophilia, and interstitial fibrosis. The extent and distribution of each of these lesions in both kidneys of every rat were scored as follows: 0, absence of lesion; 1, lesion represented in fewer than 10% of the nephrons; 2, lesion represented in 10–50% of the nephrons; 3, lesion represented in 50–90% of the nephrons; and 4, lesion represented in more than 90% of the nephrons. Since these lesions are all interrelated and represent various stages of proximal tubular damage, the lesion scores were summed to produce a single nephrotoxicity response for each animal, with a possible severity range of 0–24.
Procoagulant Activity in Diseases of The Kidney
Gary A. Levy, Edward H. Cole in Procoagulant Activity in Health and Disease, 2019
A number of studies have demonstrated that the glomerulus is the major site of localization of PCA in the kidney.1–5 These have employed both functional and immunohistological techniques. Functional studies of PCA have been performed in the rabbit, using the ability of crude homogenates of tissues to accelerate the coagulation time of recalcified plasma. These studies have demonstrated that PCA in the kidney is largely present in the renal cortex. The renal cortex contained 1.8 units of activity per milligram of tissue. This amount of PCA was relatively low when compared to the brain (15 to 30 U/mg). However, levels of PCA in the renal capsule, medulla, pelvis, and ureters were substantially lower than in the cortex (<0.1 g to 0.8 U/mg).1 In this study, the fibrin plate lysis assay was also used to demonstrate moderate levels of plasminogen activator activity in the renal medulla and pelvis and low levels in the renal cortex.
Non-adrenergic Non-cholinergic Autonomic Transmission
Kenneth J. Broadley in Autonomic Pharmacology, 2017
Biochemical and histochemical studies have shown the presence of dopamine-containing neurones in the kidney and the canine paw pad and in the SIF cells of sympametic gangha. There is also strong evidence for nerves rich in dopamine in the gut and vas deferens. The kidney has been the most studied organ where dopaminergic sympathetic neurones have been shown to enter, together with the vasculature. A population of sympathetic nerves having a high dopa-decarboxylase immunoreactivity have been identified in a proportion of 5–20% of the total catecholamine-containing nerves (Harris et al. 1986). The neurones terminate in the renal cortex and electron microscopy has shown them to supply the juxtaglomerular blood vessels and tubular elements in the dog, rat and human kidney (Bell 1990). Further study of dopaminergic nerves has been made by analysis of the dopamine:noradrenaline ratio (DA: NA) in sympathetic ganglia which send projections to tissues such as the dog kidney, where dopaminergic neurones are thought to occur. The DA: NA ratio (DA being 8–10% of NA) in ganglia projecting to the kidney and hind limb vasculature was about twice that of neighbouring ganglia thought to project only noradrenergic neurones. Similarly, there is some evidence of ganglia in which neurones have a high immunoreactivity to dopa-decarboxylase but low dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), which suggests high dopamine synthesis but low conversion to noradrenaline.
Involvement of oxidative stress and toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathways in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Zahra Pakfetrat, Sahar Janfeshan, Fatemeh Masjedi, Maryam Rafiei, Zeinab Karimi
The data of this study showed the typical pattern of lethal (necrosis) and sub-lethal (exfoliation of the epithelial cell) injury as well as intra-tubular cast and vascular congestion. Significant structural changes were observed in the renal cortex, and the main tubular damage was found in the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubules. These results agree with Vysakh et al. (2018), who induced nephrotoxicity in rats (7 days, 100 mg/kg i.p.) and observed various renal tissue damages and elevated plasma levels BUN and Cr. Similar to the results of Erdem et al. (2000) study, the current study indicated that injection of GM significantly increased the kidney weight index, which probably resulted from the edema and expansion of the renal interstitial space, cast formation, and vascular congestion.
Therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica leaves ethanolic extract against diabetic nephropathy in rats neonatally induced by streptozotocin
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Abd El-Fattah B. M. El-Beltagy, Amira M.B. Saleh, Amany Attaallah , Reham A. Gahnem
The renal sections from control (Figure 2A&A1) and neem supplemented (Figure 2B&B1) rats appeared with normal histological architecture whereas it is differentiated into outer cortex and inner medulla. The renal cortex displayed well-organized renal corpuscles and tubules. The renal corpuscle consists of glomerulus that is surrounded by Bowman’s space and intact Bowman’s capsule that lined with simple squamous epithelium. The renal tubules represented by proximal tubules (PT), distal tubules (DT) and collecting ducts (CD). The PT is characterized by its star-shaped lumen that is lined with brush bordered cubical epithelium. Moreover, the DT has relatively rounded lumen that lined by cubical epithelium with little microvilli. The CD lined with short cubical epithelium and has a relatively wider lumen than the PT and DT. The renal medulla displayed well-organized collecting ducts and Henel,s loops.
Electron microscopy in renal pathology: overall applications and guidelines for tissue, collection, preparation, and stains
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
David N. Howell, Guillermo A. Herrera
Real-time imaging allows in most instances a good visualization of the kidney to be biopsied. The normal renal cortex is about 10 mm in thickness, but it can become significantly thinner in disease processes with cortical damage resulting in interstitial fibrosis. The idea of the renal biopsy is to reach the outer cortex to obtain representative tissue with glomeruli and also to sample the corticomedullary junction, as in some instances, this area may be of value for the diagnosis of glomerular diseases which begin in this location, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. If the needle is pushed farther, then only medulla may be obtained, making it impossible to evaluate glomerular pathology. A renal biopsy that does not provide adequate tissue for evaluation using the three diagnostic techniques, that is, LM, IF, and EM, may be difficult to interpret and the final diagnosis may be compromised in certain instances.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Collecting Duct System
- Loop of Henle
- Nephron
- Renal Capsule
- Renal Corpuscle
- Renal Medulla
- Ultrafiltration
- Kidney
- Renal Column
- Loop of Henle
- Erythropoietin