Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is one of the exciting but still somewhat controversial areas of IBS research. In general, it is thought that the bacteria of the gut microbiome belong, primarily, in the colon (large intestine) with a transition zone in the terminal ileum. For the most part, there shouldn’t be a large population of bacteria in the small intestine. This is because the high acidity of the stomach as well as the effects of digestive enzymes and bile retard the colonization of bacteria introduced to the small intestine via our food and, whatever does make it past these defenses, are swept down to the colon via the migrating motor complex (peristalsis). Finally, an intact ileocecal valve prevents bacteria from moving upwards from the colon to the small intestine. However, when these defenses break down, colonic bacteria can proliferate in the small intestine, and this can often cause problems. This is known as SIBO.
Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
The intestine (also called the bowel, or gut) in humans extends from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus and consists of two main segments: the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, whereas the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal. During embryonic development, the primitive gut is patterned into three segments: foregut, midgut, and hindgut, each of which gives rise to specific gut and gut-related structures. Components derived from the gut (i.e., the stomach and colon) develop as swellings or dilatations in cells of the primitive gut, while structures that are derived from the primitive gut, but are not part of the gut proper, generally develop as out-pocketings of the primitive gut.
Drug Delivery and Bioavailability in Short Bowel Syndrome
John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson in Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
One of the most important functions of the human intestine is to regulate the absorption of fluids, nutrients, and, since their advent, drugs. In patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS), the intestine may have a reduced capacity in absorbing drugs and other orally administered therapeutic compounds, such as micronutrients [1,2]. Decreased oral absorption may adversely affect the efficacy of drug therapy and clinical outcomes. These clinical outcomes are not limited to the bowel-related complications of SBS such as diarrhea and pain control but may also affect outcomes of other conditions such as hypertension and hypothyroidism. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the process and factors that regulate oral drug absorption, how different drug formulations are affected by intestinal resection and SBS, and strategies that can be taken to optimize drug therapy in these patients.
Yogurt starter strains ameliorate intestinal barrier dysfunction via activating AMPK in Caco-2 cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Kyosuke Kobayashi, Junko Mochizuki, Fuka Yamazaki, Toshihiro Sashihara
The intestine is one of the most important organs for living organisms to absorb water and nutrients to maintain life activities. Intestinal barrier functions are necessary to eliminate harmful substances, such as toxins, allergens, and pathogens. Increased intestinal permeability by barrier dysfunction, termed as “leaky gut,” results in the influx of harmful substances containing endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), into the body and its translocation to various organs via blood vessels.1 Moreover, pathogens carried to organs through the blood lead to the spread of infection. This causes chronic low-grade inflammation and various diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),2 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),3 diabetes,4 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease5 and depression.6 Therefore, maintaining and enhancing the intestinal barrier function is important for human health.
Naringenin modulates Cobalt activities on gut motility through mechanosensors and serotonin signalling
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Adeola Temitope Salami, Ademola Adetokubo Oyagbemi, Moyosore Victoria Alabi, Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
The transit time procedure was according to Kulkarni et al. (2007) and gastric emptying by Droppleman et al. (1980) and Yeung et al. (2001). Briefly, the animals were put onto a water-only fast for 18 hours before gavage administration of the vehicle. One hour later, the animals were orally administered the charcoal meal, then 30 minutes after this, they were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Following midline laparotomy, the stomach and small intestine were carefully removed from the cardia to the ileo-caecal junction. Each stomach, including its contents, was weighed (in g) and then cut open and rinsed with physiological saline. Excess moisture was removed by gentle sponging with filter paper, and the empty stomach was weighed. The entire small intestine was gently stretched out on the experimental table and the total length measured (in cm). The distance travelled by the charcoal meal from the pyloric sphincter to the ileo-caecal junction was measured and expressed as a percentage of the total length.
Antenatal Ureaplasma infection induces ovine small intestinal goblet cell defects: a strong link with NEC pathology
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Charlotte van Gorp, Ilse H de Lange, Matthias C Hütten, Carmen López-Iglesias, Kimberly RI Massy, Lilian Kessels, Boris Kramer, Willine van de Wetering, Brad Spiller, George M Birchenough, Wim G van Gemert, Luc J Zimmermann, Tim GAM Wolfs
Ureaplasma parvum (UP) is frequently isolated from the amniotic fluid (AF) and uterine membranes of women with chorioamnionitis.1 Chorioamnionitis is characterized by an inflammatory cell influx into fetal membranes and is an important cause of preterm birth.2 Although chorioamnionitis is often clinically silent, it can affect the fetus through direct contact with the contaminated amniotic fluid3 and via systemic inflammation in the fetus called fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). We have previously shown, in an ovine chorioamnionitis model, that UP-induced chorioamnionitis caused intestinal inflammation, injury and developmental disruptions.4,5 Consequently, chorioamnionitis and FIRS are associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality6,7 including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).8 NEC is a severe gut disease that mainly affects premature neonates.9 It is characterized by intestinal inflammation and, in progressing disease, gut necrosis. Mortality generally ranges from 20% to 30% and survivors are at risk of long-term morbidities including short-bowel syndrome and neurodevelopmental delays.9
Related Knowledge Centers
- Digestive System
- Mouth
- Digestion
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Digestive System
- Anus
- Nutrient
- Feces
- Mouth
- Anus