Trunk Muscles
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo in Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Iliocostalis is partitioned into iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis, which are all continuous with each other (Standring 2016). The lumbar portion of iliocostalis lumborum originate from the transverse processes of the first four lumbar vertebrae and the thoracolumbar fascia and inserts onto the iliac crest (Standring 2016). The thoracic portion of iliocostalis lumborum originates via tendons from the angles of the lower eight or nine ribs, and its bundles converge into an aponeurosis that inserts onto the iliac crest (Standring 2016). Iliocostalis thoracis originates from the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and from the first six ribs and inserts onto the lower six ribs (Standring 2016). It also has fascicular attachments to the common erector spinae tendon (Gale et al. 2016). Iliocostalis cervicis originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae four through six and attaches to the angles of ribs three through six (Standring 2016).
Sally’s Story: Opioid Usage Over a Number of Years in a Chronic Pain Patient
Michael S. Margoles, Richard Weiner in Chronic PAIN, 2019
Toward the end of the physical examination, she was placed in the prone (on her belly) position on the exam table to palpate muscles along the spine on both sides. The iliocostalis thoracis and longissimus thoracis muscles were palpated from T1 to T12 on both sides. The longissimus thoracis revealed taut bands and tenderness on both sides at T4, T6, T10, and Til. Jump signs occurred when the muscle was palpated at T6 and T11 on the right and at T10–11 on the left. When pressure was applied to the right T11 myofascial trigger point, Sally complained of pain radiating up the back to her right shoulder and down the back and into her right leg. Examination of the iliocostalis thoracis showed tenderness at T3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and T11. When the iliocostalis thoracis myofascial trigger points at T6, 8, 9, and T11 were palpated, the tenderness response was extreme, with the patient demonstrating marked jump signs. The referral of pain from all of these was pronounced and reported in right shoulder blade, right side of the chest, right side of the upper and lower abdomen, right low back, sacroiliac joint, right buttock, and down the outside and back of the right leg to the foot.
Neuropathic Low Back Pain
Gary W. Jay in Practical Guide to Chronic Pain Syndromes, 2016
Upon exiting the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve splits into a ventral and a dorsal ramus. The ventral ramus eventually becomes part of the lumbosacral plexus, which provides motor and sensory innervation to the iliopsoas, gluteals, and muscles and skin of the lower extremity The ventral ramus also sends off two other important branches, a grey rami communicantes, which connects the ventral ramus to the sympathetic trunk, and the sinuvertebral nerve, which reenters via an intervertebral foramen and innervates the anterior dura mater, posterior longitudinal ligament, as well as posterior aspects of the intervertebral disk and the vertebral body. A dorsal ramus typically subdivides into three branches: medial, intermediate, and lateral. The lateral branch of the lumbar dorsal ramus innervates the skin and the underlying iliocostalis muscle (12, 13). The intermediate branch innervates the lumbar portion of the longissimus muscle (14, 15). The medial branch nerve innervates the multifidi, facet joints, and supra-/interspinous ligaments (16). (Fig. 2)
Kinematic and electromyography analysis of paraplegic gait with the assistance of mechanical orthosis and walker
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Mina Baniasad, Farzam Farahmand, Mokhtar Arazpour, Hassan Zohoor
The surface EMG data was recorded bilaterally from the TUEM using a radio telemetry device (Myon Ltd, Switzerland) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 1.2 uV and a fixed gain of 1000. The skin was dry-shaved, abraded and cleaned by alcohol pad. Pairs of Ag/AgCl disc electrodes with a solid gel diameter of 10 mm and an inter-electrode distance of 20 mm were used in bipolar configuration over the muscle belly and parallel to muscle fibers. Electrode placements were based on the guidelines suggested by McGill et al.22 and others.23–26 The muscles under study included the Triceps Long Head (TC), Posterior Deltoid (PD), sternal portion of Pectoralis Major (PM), Latissimus Dorsi (LD), Lower Trapezius (LT), Longissimus (LG), Iliocostalis (IC), Quadratus Lumborum (QL), External Oblique (EO), Internal Oblique (IO) and Rectus Abdominis (RA). These muscles were selected based on the results of our previous study27 which showed they have considerable EMG activities during paraplegic gait.
Neuroprosthesis for individuals with spinal cord injury
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Kevin L. Kilgore, Kimberly D. Anderson, P. Hunter Peckham
Since the long paraspinal muscles (longissimus, iliocostalis, and spinalis) are segmentally innervated, they can only be partially activated with single-channel stimulation. Therefore, stimulation of the L1-L2 or T12-L1 spinal roots with intramuscular electrodes results in the activation of multiple lumbar segments of the erector spinae muscles to provide trunk extension. Carefully placed intramuscular electrodes at the T11-L2 spinal roots can also activate the iliopsoas, quadratus lumborum, rectus abdominus, obliques, and other core trunk muscles [54,55]. Bilateral activation of the lumbar erector spinae with intramuscular electrodes inserted at these locations can reduce the posterior pelvic tilt, restore a more normal lumbar curve, and shift the workspace of seated neuroprosthesis users forward and upward. Figure 4 shows the implantation procedure for electrodes inserted in the lumbar paraspinal muscles. Stabilizing the lumbar spine with stimulation of the paraspinal muscles can allow heavier objects to be manipulated greater distances from the body, and improve stable seated posture [56–58].
Does change in isolated lumbar extensor muscle function correlate with good clinical outcome? A secondary analysis of data on change in isolated lumbar extension strength, pain, and disability in chronic low back pain
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2019
James Steele, James Fisher, Craig Perrin, Rebecca Conway, Stewart Bruce-Low, Dave Smith
These findings might be expected as prior reviews report a lack of evidence for consistent associations between decrease in functional performance (i.e., deconditioning) and development or presence of chronic low back pain [9,10]. However, these reviews lacked consideration of the specific component that was deconditioned [11]. A more recent review re-appraised the evidence regarding the specific role of deconditioning of the lumbar extensor muscles (i.e., thoracic and lumbar erector spinae, including the iliocostalis lumborum and longissimus thoracis, the multifidus, and also the quadratus lumborum when contracted bilaterally [11]). There appears to be consistent evidence that deconditioning of these muscles (reduced lumbar extension strength/endurance, atrophy, and excessive fatigability) is associated with chronic low back pain, and this deconditioning may be involved in the multifactorial symptoms and dysfunctions present in chronic low back pain [11]. Further, this relationship may find its origins in our evolutionary past [12].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Iliac Crest
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Thoracolumbar Fascia
- Vertebra
- Vertebral Column
- Sacrum
- Longissimus
- Epaxial & Hypaxial Muscles
- Serratus Posterior Inferior Muscle