Chromium
Judy A. Driskell, Ira Wolinsky in Sports Nutrition, 2005
The results of the Evans studies have been challenged using more stringent supplementation protocols and sensitive measures of body composition. The vast majority of scientific evidence suggests that [Cr(pic)3] is not an essential part of a weight-loss program.30 Numerous studies involving both males and females have shown no change in body composition following supplementation of [Cr(pic)3].31–37 Many of these studies used hydrostatic weighing to assess changes in body composition,32–34,37 with several others utilizing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.31,35,36 Dosages of [Cr(pic)3] ranging from 200–1000 µg per day for experimental periods of 6–12 weeks31–37 have consistently demonstrated no change in body composition. When combined with exercise, supplemental [Cr(pic)3] offers no additional improvement in body composition when compared with exercise alone.30 As presented in Lukaski,1 in 1997 the U.S. Federal Trace Commission concluded no basis for claims of [Cr(pic)3] as a weight or fat loss agent in humans.
Water Balance, Electrolyte Balance, and Hydration
Charles Paul Lambert in Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
Once the student-athlete “passes” the Hydration Test, he or she is ready for body composition testing. Usually, this is done by way of body density and specifically with skin fold calipers and appropriate equations for wrestlers (age and gender dependent) to calculate body fat % and fat-free mass %. At the high-school level, if the student-athlete/parent is not satisfied with the result they can retest body composition with hydrostatic weighing (underwater weighing) or whole body plethysmography (Bod-Pod). The lowest acceptable body fat in high school is 7% for boys and 12% for girls. In college the lowest acceptable body fat for men is 5%. After this “Alpha-Test” an athlete can lose 1.5% of bodyweight per week until they reach the lowest weight class where they would be closest to the lowest acceptable body fat (OHSAA Handbook 2018-2019; Gibbs et al. 2009).
Exercise and Aging
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair in Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
Body composition is the division of the body mass into its component parts, along the lines of physical, chemical, or other properties of the tissues. Some of the most common methods divide the body into fat and fat-free (or lean) mass, using various techniques such as hydrostatic weighing, isotopic measurements of total body water, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), computerized tomography, or elemental analysis of total body potassium, carbon, nitrogen, and calcium, for example.48,49 Lean body mass includes muscle, bone, and visceral organs. Adipose tissue may be divided into its subcutaneous, truncal, appendicular, and visceral components if regional imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scanning are utilized.50 Because aging is associated with decreased energy requirements and increased protein requirements, for the reasons shown in Table 13, there is a potential for body composition changes and adverse consequences to occur over time. For example, if energy intake is restricted due to decreased requirements, micronutrient deficiencies may arise unless nutrient density is increased to compensate for the reduced volume of food. If energy intake is not appropriately matched to needs, then obesity may result. If protein requirements are not met, then muscle wasting will occur. All of these nutritional and body composition changes will negatively impact both cardiovascular and musculoskeletal capacity for exercise, even in the absence of disease.
Use of allometry and skinfold thicknesses to estimate the fat mass of circumpubertal boys
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Pedro Pugliesi Abdalla, Gustavo André Borges, Anderson dos Santos Carvalho, Franciane Goes Borges, Vitor Antonio Assis Alves Siqueira, Nilo César Ramos, Dalmo Roberto Lopes Machado
Slogan et al. (1962) studied 50 young females and performed hydrostatic weighing, in addition to measuring five SF. The authors reported that the best model to predict body density was TR SF and SI SF. Wilmore and Behnke (1969, 1970) also proposed predictive anthropometric equations of the body composition of young males (Wilmore and Behnke 1969) and females (Wilmore and Behnke 1970). Katch and McArdle (1973) measured 53 young males (19.3 ± 1.5 years) and 69 females (20.3 ± 1.8 years) with the purpose of proposing models of body density estimation that were measured by hydrostatic weighing; 13 perimeters, eight bone diameters and the SF: TR, SE, SI, AB and TH were measured. In the group of boys, the SF that presented the highest correlation with the body density were SE SF (r = 0.82) and AB SF (r = 0.81). The final predictive model of exclusive SF for young males counted on the SF: TR, SE and AB.
Time following ingestion does not influence the validity of telemetry pill measurements of core temperature during exercise-heat stress: The journal Temperature toolbox
Published in Temperature, 2021
Sean R. Notley, Robert D. Meade, Glen P. Kenny
During the screening visit, standing height, body mass, body surface area, body density, and peak oxygen consumption were determined. Body surface area was derived from measures of standing height (model 2391, Detecto, Webb City, MO, USA) and body mass (IND560, Mettler Toledo Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) [10]. Body density was measured using the hydrostatic weighing technique and used to estimate body fat percentage [11]. Indirect calorimetry was used to quantify peak oxygen consumption (MCD Medgraphics Ultima Series, MGC Diagnostics, MN, USA) during an incremental exercise to volitional fatigue on a semi-recumbent cycle ergometer (Corival, Lode B.V., Groningen, Netherlands).
Effects of exercise-heat stress on circulating stress hormones and interleukin-6 in young and older men
Published in Temperature, 2020
Antonia Kaltsatou, Sean R. Notley, Glen P. Kenny
During the preliminary session, standing height, body mass, body density and peak aerobic power (V̇O2peak) were measured. Height and body mass were measured using an eye-level stadiometer (Detecto, model 2391, Webb City, MO, USA) and a high-performance digital weighing terminal (model CBU150X, Mettler Toledo Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada), respectively, and used to estimate body surface area [7]. Body fat percentage was calculated from body density [8], which was determined using the hydrostatic weighing technique. V̇O2peak was determined during an incremental semi-recumbent cycling exercise test [9].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Body Composition
- Body Fat Percentage
- Density
- Lung Volumes
- Vital Capacity
- Composition of The Human Body