A to Z Entries
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The muscles of the pelvis also contribute to moving the hip joint. The hip extensors on the posterior side of the pelvis are the muscles of the buttocks – gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus – which make up the bulk of this region, plus tensor fasciae latae and the six deep lateral rotators of the thigh – piriformis, the internal and external obturators, gemellus superior and inferior, and quadratus femoris. The action of gluteus maximus is to extend and externally rotate the hip. Through its insertion into the iliotibial band of the thigh, gluteus maximus also stabilizes the knee in extension. The posterior part of the gluteus medius also contributes to these hip movements, but its anterior part flexes the hip and internally rotates it. Gluteus medius also abducts the thigh. The smaller gluteus minimus contributes to flexing, internally rotating, and abducting the thigh.
The Exercise Prescription
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair in Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
As has been noted, standard high intensity PRT has been shown to improve mobility and balance. We have recently tested the feasibility and efficacy of a specific balance-enhancing technique incorporated directly into the PRT routine in a group of older adults of average age 84 with a history of falling or gait and balance problems. As outlined in Table 10, and illustrated in Figures 53 to 57, they were instructed to gradually reduce hand support during their standing weight lifting exercises, but otherwise follow the general principles outline dabove. They exercised 3 days per week over a 12-week period. The exercises in which these balance-enhancing postures were included were the hip extensors, hip flexors, hip abductors, knee flexors, and plantar flexors. This training regimen resulted in large improvements in static and dynamic balance, as follows:
Visual Assessment of Postural Antecedents to Nonspecific Low Back Pain
David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey in Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Approximately 25 muscles have potential effects on pelvic tilt, so a comprehensive treatment plan is not possible here. In general, those with an anterior tilted pelvis will need myofascial release or area-specific stretching for the hip flexors and the lower spinal extensors while simultaneously strengthening the abdominal wall and hip extensors. This includes the hamstrings, the adductor magnus, and the deep lateral rotator group. In addition, those with an anterior tilted pelvis often have a high and tight pelvic floor, and work with the Valsalva maneuver and generally balancing the tone of the entire “abdominal balloon” will aid in settling the pelvis back a few more degrees.
Effect of home-based training focused on increasing maximum step length in walking function of children with cerebral palsy
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2019
Minoru Kimoto, Ryo Yonetsu, Kyoji Okada, Wataru Horioka, Takanori Kondou, Makoto Sasaki, Hitoshi Sakamoto
In a previous study, a discrepancy existed among improvements in muscle strength, functional strength, and walking function. Liao et al. [8] conducted loaded STS training for children with CP. After an 8-week training, isometric knee extension strength showed no change. However, the 1-RM STS and physiological cost index (PCI) exhibited significant improvement. Similarly, Kusumoto et al. [19] executed loaded STS training for children with CP. Despite the absence of change in isometric strength, PCI and 6-minute walking distance significantly improved. Lee et al. [20] reported the effects of training consisting of isotonic strengthening, squat, and lateral step-up for 5 weeks. Although only the strength of hip extensors significantly increased, other muscle strengthening of joints showed no effect. Despite the limited effect for muscle strength, the number of squats per time increased. Moreover, the values of walking speed and stride length were higher. As described above, even if there is no change in muscle strength after muscle strengthening or functional strength training, it is conceivable to improve the indicators of functional strength and walk.
The effect of fatigue on first stance phase kinetics during acceleration sprint running in professional football players
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2021
Maximilian M. Wdowski, Neil Clarke, Emma L.J. Eyre, Rhys Morris, Mark Noon, Steven J. Eustace, Joanne Hankey, Leanne M Raymond, Darren L. Richardson
In football acceleration sprint runs, compensatory strategies could be an adaptation to maintain performance. While speculative, it could also be interpreted as a protective adaptation to limit hamstring muscle constraints and risk of damage (Edouard et al., 2018). Edouard et al. (2018) have hypothesised that muscles playing a more important role in the second part of the acceleration in a non-fatigued condition (i.e., hamstring muscles) (Morin et al. 2015) do not equally assume this role in a fatigued condition. As a result of the weaker state of the hamstring muscles/knee flexors with fatigue, the hamstring muscles might be further exposed to injury risk, especially when high levels of force, velocity and power production are needed to produce sprint acceleration runs (Edouard et al., 2018). Therefore, hip extensors may compensate for the altered hamstring muscle function, which results in the adaptation in force interaction with the ground observed in the current study. Future research modelling the lower-limbs musculature contribution is required in over-ground acceleration sprint running to ascertain the potential compensatory strategies of muscle in fatigued conditions.
Corticomotor Excitability of Gluteus Maximus Is Associated with Hip Biomechanics During a Single-Leg Drop-Jump
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
Yo Shih, Beth E. Fisher, Jo Armour Smith, Christopher M. Powers
Insufficient use of the hip extensors during sport related activities has been linked to various knee conditions such as patellofemoral pain and tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (Powers, 2010). More specifically, performing tasks such as running and jumping/landing with reduced hip flexion and diminished hip extensor moments have been reported to result in greater use of the quadriceps and increased knee loading (Powers, 2010; Stearns, Keim, & Powers, 2013). In addition, diminished use of the hip in the sagittal plane has been associated with higher adductor moments and valgus angles at the knee; both of which are known risk factors for knee injury (Hewett et al., 2005; Pollard, Sigward, & Powers, 2010).