Potential of Fenugreek in Management of Kidney and Lung Disorders
Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai in Fenugreek, 2022
Glomerulonephritis or nephritis is a severe and life-threatening illness that occurs due to inflammation of the glomeruli. Although prevalence is low, nephritis can be rapidly progressive and the patient may need immediate treatment. Additionally, damage to the glomerulus results in arterial hypertension and renal failure. Glomerulonephritis includes many diseases, namely anti- GBM antibody disease, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis (McAdoo and Pusey 2017). The pathophysiology remains unknown for glomerulonephritis; however, bacterial and viral infections have been encountered frequently during a clinical investigation (Couser and Johnson 2014). The recommended treatment regimen for glomerulonephritis includes daily administration of oral steroids such as cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange to decrease the serum levels of anti-GBM antibodies. Although these therapies are more efficient in removing antibodies from serum, their cost and availability have acted as limitations in widespread clinical practice.
Mechanisms of Chemically Induced Glomerular Injury
Robin S. Goldstein in Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Two types of differentiated glomeruli are present in the renal cortex; glomeruli located in the superficial cortex, the cortical glomeruli and glomeruli located in the deep cortex at the junction between the cortex and the medulla, and the juxtamedullary glomeruli. The juxtamedullary glomeruli are usually larger than cortical glomeruli. In the cortical nephrons, the efferent glomerular arteriole is slightly smaller than the afferent arteriole, while in the juxtamedullary nephrons the diameter of the efferent glomerular arteriole is equal to or larger than that of the afferent arteriole1,9. The interposition of the glomerulus between the two arterioles generates a large hydrostatic pressure through the length of the capillary. The hydrostatic pressure can be increased or decreased by varying the tonus of the smooth muscle elements encircling the arteriole lumen. Control over the muscle tonus may include hormonal and/or neuronal mechanisms.1,9
Functions of the Kidneys and Functional Anatomy
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
The primary function of the kidneys is the regulation of fluid and electrolyte composition of the body. The kidneys have a high blood flow, and from this, a very large volume (180 L/day) of ultrafiltrate of plasma is produced in the renal corpuscles (glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule). This large glomerular filtrate is necessary for the excretion of waste products of metabolism in the urine. The filtrate passes along the nephron, where the specific processes of tubular reabsorption and secretion occur. Most of the filtered fluid is reabsorbed. The proximal tubule alone reabsorbs 60% of the water and sodium filtered into Bowman's capsule, and the normal urine volume is only 1.5 L/day. Substances can also be removed from the peritubular capillary blood into the nephron lumen by specific tubular secretory mechanisms; many drugs are handled in this way. The final volume and composition of urine are modulated to maintain normal body fluid and electrolyte balance by factors governing the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. The kidneys have an integral role in the long-term regulation of body water and electrolyte composition, and therefore renal function is an important determinant of the long-term regulation of blood volume and arterial blood pressure.
Multifunctional nanoparticles encapsulating methotrexate and curcumin for holistic management of rheumatoid arthritis: in-vitro and pre-clinical assessment
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Ayesha Syed, Preeti Karwa, Kusum Devi Vemula
In the normal control group Figure 13(A), kidney tissue exhibited normal renal glomeruli (arrow) and proximal tubules (back arrow). Glomerulus is a solid structure with a round shape, proximal tubules with cuboid-round celled and villi. In the positive control group, Figure 13(B) glomerulus (arrow) showed endothelial cells desquamation. Bowman’s capsule (arrowhead) showed Bowman’s space becoming stretched with necrosis. Tubular Contortus (*) showed infiltration of inflammatory cells followed by necrosis. Figure 13(C) Group treated with the marketed formulation of MTX showing renal toxicity with changed histology of kidney. Glomerulus (arrow) showed endothelial cells desquamation. Bowman’s capsule (arrowhead) bowman’s space becoming stretched with necrosis. Tubular Contortus (*) showed infiltration of inflammatory cells followed by necrosis. Figure 13(D) group treated with BSA-MTX-CUR-NPs showed regular histopathology of the tissue analogous to the normal control group.
Circular RNAs as novel biomarkers in glomerular diseases
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Seyyedeh Mina Hejazian, Yalda Rahbar Saadat, Seyed Mahdi Hosseiniyan Khatibi, Farahnoosh Farnood, Negin Farzamikia, Seyyed Sina Hejazian, Sepideh Batoumchi, Mohammadali M. Shoja, Sepideh Zununi Vahed, Mohammadreza Ardalan
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is an umbrella term for a wide range of kidney glomerular diseases. GN is an important cause of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and has a wide range of aetiologies including; infection, metabolic disease, and an immunological cause (Herrnstadt and Steinmetz 2021). Clinically, different types of GN are manifested by proteinuria; however, their molecular mechanisms and pathogenic pictures are completely different. Nowadays, invasive renal biopsy is a routine diagnostic test for the differentiation of GN types (Jeske et al. 2022) and there is a lack of reliable markers for the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of specific GNs. Recently, growing studies have highlighted the clinical significance of circRNAs in several glomerular diseases. In addition, circRNAs could be proper therapeutic candidates in GN diseases. This review aimed to highlight the roles of circular RNA in glomerular diseases. In this regard, circRNAs biogenesis, and physiological functions are reviewed to determine their target microRNAs/protein/pathway(s) in different types of GN. Moreover, the potential of circRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in distinguishing or treating different types of GN is discussed.
Impact of intrauterine exposure to the insecticide coragen on the developmental and genetic toxicity in female albino rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Amel Ramadan Omar, Ahmed Emam Dakrory, Marwa Mohamed Abdelaal, Heba Bassiony
Histopathological examination of renal tissue of control pregnant rats revealed normal histological appearance. The renal corpuscle was made up of a glomerulus surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule and normal urinary space. There were proximal convoluted tubules with narrow lumens among the renal tubules, and distal convoluted tubules with wide lumen (Figure 10a). Pregnant rats treated with LD of coragen showed some histopathologic changes including; shrunken of glomeruli, urinary space dilation and basement membrane of Bowman’s capsule deterioration, shredded nuclei into the lumen of the tubule, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the tubular epithelial lining in addition to disappearance of the lumen of renal tubules (Figure 10b). Pregnant rats treated with HD of coragen exhibit inflammatory infiltration, fragmentation in tubular epithelial lining and hemorrhage (Figure 10c&d).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Capillary
- Nephron
- Kidney
- Intraglomerular Mesangial Cell
- Blood
- Ultrafiltration
- Bowman'S Capsule
- Afferent Arterioles
- Efferent Arteriole
- Venule