How Often Do You Think About Oral Health as an Essential Part of Wellness and a Healthy Lifestyle?
Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra in Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
During pregnancy, oral health can affect the health of pregnant persons and their unborn children, as many physiological changes occur in the body during pregnancy. The oral cavity is particularly susceptible to hormonal changes related to pregnancy that increase the likelihood of oral health problems. Periodontitis and gingivitis are especially common among pregnant persons. Gingivitis, the early stage of periodontitis, is when the gums become swollen and red. Periodontitis, the most serious form of periodontal disease, occurs when the gums pull away from the teeth and supporting gum tissues and bone are destroyed (Bobetsis et al., 2020; Corbella et al., 2016; “Periodontal disease fact sheet,” 2021). Although these conditions are common among adults in the US and are treatable, findings from several studies show that these oral health issues are associated with negative health outcomes for pregnant preeclampsia, and premature labor (Table 24.1).
Other Complications of Diabetes
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo in Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
With diabetes mellitus, reduced salivation is commonly seen, which may or may not include symptoms of a burning sensation inside the mouth or on the tongue. There may be enlargement of the parotid salivary glands. Gingivitis is signified by unhealthy or inflamed gums that may be red, swollen, and even bleed. Daily brushing and flossing, plus regular cleanings by a dentist, can prevent gingivitis. Periodontitis is gum disease that can change from mild to severe. The signs of gingivitis, by this time, have worsened, and the gums may pull away from the teeth. There is long-lasting infection between the teeth and gums, and chronic bad breath. Loosened teeth may move away from each other, and there are changes in the way the teeth fit together when biting. Periodontitis can be prevented via deep cleanings by a dentist and in severe cases gum surgery.
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The periodontium consists of the tissues that surround and support the teeth, which are the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The gingiva is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the tooth. Periodontal ligaments serve to attach teeth to the bone; to maintain gingival tissues in the proper relationship to teeth, as shock absorbers; and to provide a casing to protect the vessels and nerves. Cementum is the calcified or hardened tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root. The process of its formation is variable, but continuous. The alveolar bone or tooth socket is the socket in the maxilla (upper jawbone) or mandible (lower jawbone) into which each tooth fits.
Utilization of experimental design in the formulation and optimization of hyaluronic acid–based nanoemulgel loaded with a turmeric–curry leaf oil nanoemulsion for gingivitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Amal M. Sindi, Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, Fahad Y. Sabei, Osama A. Madkhali, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Eman Alfayez, Hanaa Alkharobi, Samar A Alghamdi, Arwa A. Banjar, Mohammed Majrashi, Mohammed Alissa
The most common type of periodontal disease is gingivitis. It can start in early childhood, it peaks in prevalence and severity in early adolescence, and it gradually declines and plateaus until the age of about 20 years is reached (Califano, 2003). The development of a biofilm as a result of inadequate oral hygiene is closely related to the seriousness of the disease. Gingival inflammation can be caused by the biofilm for 10 to 21 days; however, it can be treated by techniques for regulating the biofilm (Van der Velden, 2006). Swollen red gums and hemorrhage are the main indicators of gingivitis. When the teeth are being brushed, the gums may bleed, sometimes for no apparent reason. Because of a lack of pain or other signs, gingivitis frequently goes unnoticed for a long period of time (Blicher et al., 2005).
Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Ali A. Abdulkareem, Firas B. Al-Taweel, Ali J.B. Al-Sharqi, Sarhang S. Gul, Aram Sha, Iain L.C. Chapple
Periodontal disease is a broad term used to encompass diseases and conditions of the periodontal tissues. The two major forms induced by dental plaque biofilm accumulation are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is an inflammatory lesion that remains confined to the gingiva, but which may, in susceptible people, progress to a more severe and destructive form, periodontitis [1]]. A causal relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases has not yet been robustly established, however studies indicate that periodontal pathogens and consequent immune-inflammatory responses to them are independently associated with the pathogenesis of several systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Alzheimer’s, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and certain cancers [2–5]. The ulcerated pocket epithelium provides a direct portal of vascular entry for periodontal pathogens, e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum to the systemic circulation, which may directly or indirectly affect other organ systems [6–8]. A report issued in 2018 estimated the economic burden arising due to periodontal diseases as approximately $154.06 billion in the US and €158.64 billion in Europe [9].
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The gingival epithelium has been extensively studied due to its implication in periodontal disease. The gingival epithelium is composed of keratinizing stratified epithelium and covers the external surface of the gingiva, which surrounds the teeth (Figure 1).6 An important function of the gingival epithelium is to provide the first line of defense in the oral cavity against pathogens.7 There are several components of the gingiva. The attached gingiva is firmly bonded to the connective tissue over the alveolar bone and is separated from the oral mucosa by the mucogingival line (Figure 1). The attached gingiva is located apically to the gingival sulcus, which is the space surrounding each tooth and is lined by the oral sulcular epithelium (Box 1; Figure 1). This epithelium is stratified and non-keratinized.2 The junctional epithelium is a specialized epithelial component. This epithelium is derived from the enamel epithelium and mediates the attachment of the gingival epithelium to the enamel on the tooth surface (Figure 1).8 This is an important function of the junctional epithelium, because it forms a barrier against pathogens passing from the oral cavity into the tissue that supports the tooth.9 Due to its role, the junctional epithelium isan area of extensive study in periodontal disease,10 where tooth mobility and loss are found. In comparison to the gingival epithelium, the junctional epithelium shows no keratinization and exhibits much higher proliferation and turnover rate2,7,8 (Figure 1).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cementoenamel Junction
- Inflammation
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Mouth
- Mucous Membrane
- Periodontium
- Soft Tissue
- Dental Plaque
- Gingival Fibers