Imaging in nail diseases
Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar in Nail Disorders, 2019
Ganglion cysts are the cysts of excess fluid collection from a tendon or a joint. It is extremely common around the hand and wrist (Figure 6.17a). On UBM and HFUS a synovial cyst or ganglion cyst is seen as an anechoic mass lesion in the dermal or sub-dermal region. There is a thin tract seen communicating with the adjacent joint space. This helps differentiate a mucoid cyst from a synovial or ganglion cyst. If hemorrhage or rupture occurs, echoes can be seen within the mass lesion (Figure 6.17b and c). On color Doppler study, there is no vascularity noted in the mass lesion. Ganglion cyst can be associated with erosion of the bony margins of the underlying joint space.
The Wrist
Louis Solomon, David Warwick, Selvadurai Nayagam in Apley and Solomon's Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2014
The ubiquitous ganglion is seen most commonly on the back of the wrist. It arises from cystic degeneration in the joint capsule or tendon sheath. The distended cyst contains a glairy fluid. The patient, often a young adult, presents with a painless lump, usually on the back of the wrist, but sometimes on the front. Occasionally there is a slight ache. The lump is well defined, cystic and not tender. It may be attached to one of the tendons. The ganglion often disappears after some months, so there should be no haste about treatment. If the lesion continues to be troublesome, it can be aspirated; if it recurs, excision is justified, but the patient should be told that there is a 30% risk of recurrence, even after careful surgery.
Practice Paper 1: Answers
Anthony B. Starr, Hiruni Jayasena, David Capewell, Saran Shantikumar in Get ahead! Medicine, 2016
A ganglion is a benign, tense, cystic swelling, often at the back of the wrist, that occurs due to degeneration of the fibrous tissue surrounding the joints. Ganglia are most common in young women. Ganglia are usually painless and asymptomatic, although they may occasionally press on adjacent nerves (ulnar and median nerves). Asymptomatic ganglia do not require treatment, and many spontaneously resolve. Lasting cure is by excision (aspiration is simpler, but 50% will recur). The traditional method of curing ganglia by striking them with a large Bible is no longer recommended.
Role of Long-Term Potentiation of Sympathetic Ganglia (gLTP) in Hypertension
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2007
Ganglionic long-term potentiation (gLTP) is an activity-dependent sustained increase in the synaptic efficacy of the nicotinic pathway that has been demonstrated in autonomic ganglia. Sustained enhancement in ganglionic transmission as in chronic mental stress may affect the activity of autonomic functions, including blood pressure and heart rate. An increase in sympathetic activity associated with psychosocial stress and stress-prone conditions such as obesity and aging could result in in vivo expression of gLTP leading to hypertension of a neural origin. Recent reports indicated that the prevention of the expression of gLTP in animal models of hypertension prevented or reduced high blood pressure. Although stress-induced hypertension normalizes within a few days of stress relief, prolonged mild-moderate hypertension may contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The relation between hypertension and enhanced ganglionic transmission as a result of in vivo expression of gLTP is discussed in this review.
Rhythmic Discharge Induced by Temperature Variation and Drugs in Isolated Sympathetic Ganglia
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2008
Isolated sympathetic ganglia from various mammalian species fire spontaneous, rhythmic discharge when exposed to low temperatures. Extracellular recording from rat, guinea pig, and rabbit superior cervical ganglia as well as dog lumbar ganglion revealed large single potentials or bursts of potentials, occurring at regular intervals, when the bath temperature was kept between 15–30°C. When the temperature was reduced below 15°C or raised above 30°C, the rhythmic discharge decreased in frequency and finally stopped. Rhythmic discharge also appeared when ganglia were treated with emetine or the K+ channel blockers, cesium and 4-aminopyridine. The frequency and amplitude of potentials and the pattern of rhythm varied from ganglion to ganglion. The single potential or rhythmic burst firing seemed to originate from a single unit or multiple discharging units, as indicated by the amplitude and frequency of the potentials in a burst. The discharge was abolished by ganglionic blocking agents or by the absence of Ca2+, suggesting a presynaptic origin. The spontaneous rhythmic discharge may be important as a support mechanism for the cardiovascular system in victims of exposure to extreme cold temperature.
A Rare Case of Intraneural Ganglion Cyst Involving the Tibial Nerve
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2012
Purvak Patel, William G. Schucany
Cystic lesions around the knee are a relatively common occurrence. Several types of cysts have been reported, including synovial, bursal, and ganglion. Ganglion cysts are not lined by synovial cells. Their location is highly variable, with occurrences described in the fat pads near the tibia or femur, muscles, nerves, and arteries. Intraneural ganglia are rare nonneoplastic cysts caused by the accumulation of thick mucinous fluid within the epineurium of peripheral nerves, encased in a dense fibrous capsule. These cysts can cause compression of the adjacent nerve fascicles, resulting in pain, paresthesias, weakness, muscle denervation, and atrophy. They are most commonly manifested by local and radiating pain, but sensory and motor deficits have also been described. Involvement of the tibial nerve is exceptionally rare, with
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cysts
- Epithelium
- Joint Capsule
- Synovial Membrane
- Glycosaminoglycans
- Mucinoses
- Synovial Cysts