The spastic forearm and hand
Benjamin Joseph, Selvadurai Nayagam, Randall Loder, Ian Torode in Paediatric Orthopaedics, 2016
The upper limb is affected predominantly in children with cerebral palsy who have a hemiplegic pattern of topographical involvement and in children with quadriplegic or total body involvement. The muscles in the forearm that demonstrate most spasticity are the pronators of the forearm and the flexors of the wrist and fingers. The antagonistic muscles are weak and even if no pronation or flexion contracture is present the child may have demonstrable weakness of active forearm supination and wrist extension. Some children have weakness of finger extension and in these children the release is compromised. This inability of release may only be demonstrable when the wrist is passively held in extension. It is extremely important to test for the ability to release in this position if any surgery aimed at augmenting wrist extensor power is being contemplated.
Forearm, Elbow, and Humerus Radiography
Russell L. Wilson in Chiropractic Radiography and Quality Assurance Handbook, 2020
Sponges can be used under the wrist to get the forearm parallel to the film for both views. Proximal injuries are generally associated with elbow trauma; the ulna and radius can be fractured mid-shaft; and distal injuries are considered as wrist injuries. A direct blow to the dorsum of the forearm can fracture the ulna and dislocate the radius. The axial view of the elbow will provide a more detailed look at the soft tissues immediately around the olecranon and olecranon fossa. Regular rare-earth cassette Anatomical Top to Bottom: slightly less than film size, or to include elbow and wrist; Side to Side: soft tissue of forearm. Fine (extremity) cassette Anatomical Top to Bottom: slightly less than film size; Side to Side: soft tissue of elbow. If the patient is not able to straighten arm fully, a view with the humerus parallel to film and one with the forearm parallel to film should be taken.
Forearm, Wrist and Hand Injuries in Sport
Lars Peterson, Per A.F.H. Renstrom in Sports Injuries, 2017
Forearm injuries Forearm injuries are not common in sports but can occur from overuse in racquet sports or from high-energy falls in other sports. The forearm serves as an anchoring point for the muscles and tendons that pass to the wrist and hand and to the fingers. The two bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) can rotate over each other. This provides power and allows for precise hand positioning for specialized functions. The forearm can therefore internally rotate (pronate) in the wrist and externally rotate (supinate) in the wrist (Fig. 13.1).
Forearm torque strengths and discomfort profiles in pronation and supination
Published in Ergonomics, 2005
This experiment investigated maximum forearm pronation and supination torques and forearm discomfort, for intermittent torque exertions in supine and prone forearm angles for the right arm. Twenty-two subjects participated in the study that comprised two parts, the first of which involved measurement of maximum forearm torque in both twisting directions at five forearm angles including neutral. This was followed by endurance tests at 50% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in both directions. The second part of the study involved subjects performing 5-min duration of intermittent isometric torque exercises at 20% MVC in both directions at 11 forearm angles. Regression equations were developed that accurately predict torques as a function of forearm angle expressed as a percentage of maximum motion. Analysis of the discomfort data for the intermittent isometric torque exertions indicated that both forearm angle and twisting direction significantly affected forearm discomfort (p
A study of retrograde degeneration of median nerve forearm segment in carpal tunnel syndrome of variable severities
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2014
Mona Mokhtar El Bardawil, Gihan Abd El Latief Younis, Marwa Mohammed Hassan, Eman Ramadan Mohammed
IntroductionCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disorder of the hand which results from compression of the median nerve within its fibro-osseous tunnel at the wrist. The slowing in the forearm motor conduction velocity suggests the presence of retrograde degeneration. Existing studies conflict regarding a correlation between the severities of the entrapment neuropathy in CTS and slowing of median motor nerve conduction velocity in the forearm. AimsThe objective of this work was to study retrograde degeneration (RGD) of the median nerve forearm segment in patients with CTS and its relation to variable severity of CTS in Egyptian patients. Patients and methodsTwenty-four patients with CTS were included in this study. The Forearm mixed nerve conduction is presumed to be indicative of the conduction of the median nerve over the forearm and is used widely to assess the causes of slowing forearm conduction velocity in CTS. In addition to conventional nerve conduction studies of the upper limb, forearm median mixed conduction studies were performed. Median motor forearm amplitudes and nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) as well as forearm median mixed amplitudes and NCVs were considered as parameters of RGD. ResultsThere were statistically significant differences as regards forearm mixed nerve action potential (MNAP) amplitude and median motor amplitude in the forearm segment but there were no statistically significant differences as regards forearm median mixed peak latency and NCV. There was no statistically significant relation between grades of severities of CTS in the studied hands and both forearm median motor NCV and forearm MNAP amplitude using Monte Carlo test (MCp = 0.323 and 0.464). ConclusionsRetrograde degeneration exists in patients with CTS. Forearm median motor NCV and median mixed conduction study are valid electrophysiologic tools for the assessment of RGD in patients with CTS. Retrograde degeneration is not related to grade of severity of CTS.
Shoulder and neck muscle activities during typing with articulating forearm support at different heights
Published in Ergonomics, 2012
Use of forearm support is known to reduce physical stress of computer users, but research about how to properly position the forearm support is insufficient. This study was aimed to determine whether the height of forearm support influences muscular loads during typing. Twenty four subjects performed a typing task with a pair of articulating forearm support at three different heights as well as without any support, while shoulder, neck and forearm muscle activities and posture data were recorded. Typing with the support at resting elbow height produced significantly (p
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anatomy
- Ankle
- Bone
- Elbow
- Upper Limb
- Knee
- Wrist