Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas in Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Joints in any parts of the body are important components of the skeletal system. It is positioned at bone joints for the transmission of loads from bone to bone by muscular action; also, there can be some relative motion of the component bones. Tissue of a bone is complex in nature and the composite consisting of soft and strong protein collagen and brittle hydroxyapatite. Bone is an anisotropic material with mechanical properties that differ in the longitudinal (axial) and transverse (radial) directions. The cartilage is a coating on each connecting surface, which consists of body fluids that lubricate and provide an interface with a very low coefficient of friction that provides the bone sliding movement. The human hip joint occurs at the junction between the pelvis and the upper leg (thigh) bone, or femur. Large rotary motion is allowable at the hip by a ball-and-socket type of joint. The top of the femur terminates in a ball-shaped head that fits into a cuplike cavity within the pelvis.
A to Z Entries
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The hip joint is formed between the femur and the hip bone of the pelvis. The hip bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are fused. Both hip bones, along with the sacrum and coccyx of the spine, form the pelvis. Therefore, the hip joint is the link between the pelvis in the torso and the thigh in the lower extremity. The femur is held firmly in place by strong ligaments and the joint capsule. The hip is a ball and socket joint (see joints), with the head of the femur fitting into the acetabulum of the hip bone, and is the most mobile joint of the lower extremity. Movements at the hip are sagittal plane flexion-extension, frontal plane abduction-adduction, and transverse plane internal-external rotation (see planes and axes of movement).
Tissue coverage for exposed vascular reconstructions (grafts)
Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad in Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
The gastrocnemius muscle is the most superficial muscle of the posterior lower leg. It is responsible for flexion of the knee and plantar flexion of the foot. Comprised of two heads, the medial head originates from the posterior surface of the distal femur just superior to the medial condyle and the lateral head arises from the upper posterolateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle. The muscle fibers converge distally and merge with fibers of the deeper soleus muscle, and insert on the calcaneus as the Achilles tendon. The lateral and medial sural arteries supply their respective heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, entering superiorly as branches from the popliteal artery. The unique vascular supply allows for independently pedicled flaps without the need for microvascular anastomosis.29
Total knee arthroplasty using a computerized assisted stereotaxic navigation system with bluetooth communication in obese patients - A randomized controlled study
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2023
Gurion Rivkin, Leonid Kandel, Itay Perets, Tamir Tsohar, Tarek Nasrawy, Meir Liebergall
Full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs were collected from all patients pre-operatively and at 6-weeks post-operatively. All x-rays collected were performed with the same technique of bipodal standing with no hip rotation and patella facing forward. The change in alignment of the knee and the position of the tibial and femoral components were measured from these films. The mechanical axis is defined as the axis of the lower limb with its proximal extremity at the center of the femoral head and its distal extremity at the center of the ankle. The femoral mechanical axis is defined by the center of the femoral head and the center of the knee (the center of the knee being the center of the medial shaft in the intercondylar notch of the femur or femoral component). The tibial mechanical axis is defined by the center of the ankle and the middle of the tibia plateau.
More hip complications after total hip arthroplasty than after hemiarthroplasty as hip fracture treatment: analysis of 5,815 matched pairs in the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Susanne Hansson, Erik Bülow, Anne Garland, Johan Kärrholm, Cecilia Rogmark
The most common medical complications were cardiovascular, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection. The most common specified hip complications were fracture surgery on femur, dislocation, and infection (Table 4). When we compared the matched populations of patients with THA with those treated with HA and adjusted for potential confounders, we found THA to be associated with fewer medical complications (OR = 0.83; CI 0.76–0.91) (Table 5, see Supplementary data) and more hip complications (OR = 1.31; CI 1.20–1.43) (Table 6, see Supplementary data). THA was also associated with a lower 1-year mortality than HA (OR = 0.42; CI 0.38–0.48) (Table 7, see Supplementary data). Income and education did not have a significant effect on outcome in any of the models, whereas status as widowed, divorced, or unmarried tended to be associated with a worse outcome, with some variations depending on the outcome studied.
Understanding outcomes and toxicological aspects of second generation metal-on-metal hip implants: a state-of-the-art review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Michael Kovochich, Brent L. Finley, Rachel Novick, Andrew D. Monnot, Ellen Donovan, Kenneth M. Unice, Ernest S. Fung, David Fung, Dennis J. Paustenbach
There are two general types of hip arthroplasty procedures: total hip replacement (THR) (also called total hip arthroplasty, THA) and hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) (Figure 1) (AAOS (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons) 2011a, 2011b). In THA, the damaged femoral head is removed and replaced with a metal stem that is inserted into the hollow center of the femur shaft. A metal or ceramic ball is positioned on the upper end of the stem to replace the femoral head. The damaged cartilage surface of the acetabulum (socket) is removed and replaced with a metal socket that can be held in position by screws, cement, or press-fitting (i.e. pressing the device into the reamed bone) (Charnley 1966; AAOS 2011b). The articulating surface of the acetabular component may be composed of plastic, metal, or ceramic (Figure 1).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Hindlimb
- Thigh
- Tibia
- Femoral Head
- Patella
- Long Bone
- Hip
- Knee
- Leg
- Femoral-Tibial Angle