Hands
Tor Wo Chiu in Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Start with the dorsum of the hand – skin/swellings/shrinkage/shape Skin – sudomotor changes, benign lesions (Garrod’s pads, Heberden’s nodes), malignant lesions (actinic keratoses, SCCs), pigment changes, scars, etc. Swellings – dorsal wrist ganglia, exostoses. Shrinkage, i.e. wasting – particularly dorsal interossei. ‘Shape’, i.e. position of the hand – e.g. ulnar claw, rheumatoid deformities; measure angles with a goniometer for greatest accuracy.
Chondrosarcoma
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of cartilage characterized by the production of cartilage matrix by tumor cells accompanied by diverse histopathology and clinical behavior. Chondrosarcoma is a tumor of the cartilage (articular cartilage) located on the joints (the ends of the bone), with common occurrence in the pelvis, proximal femur (thighs, accounting for almost one-third of all chondrosarcomas), proximal humerus (upper arms), distal femur, shoulder blades (scapula), and ribs. Risk factors for chondrosarcomas include enchondroma (benign cartilage tumor of the hands), Ollier disease (a cluster of enchondromas), Maffucci syndrome (a combination of multiple enchondromas), multiple hereditary exostosis (MHE), Wilms tumor, Paget disease, and angioma (benign tumor of blood vessels), as well as diseases in children that require chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The preferred treatment for chondrosarcoma is surgical excision, as neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy is effective (with the exception of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, which is sensitive to doxorubicin-based combination chemotherapy).
Turret Exostosis
Michael E. Mulligan in Classic Radiologic Signs, 2020
Turret exostosis was described in 1966 by H. Andrew Wissinger, Edward McClain and Joseph Boyes 1 . They reported their findings in ten patients in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. ‘Following relatively trivial injuries to the dorsum of the proximal and middle phalanges of the fingers, a smooth, dome-shaped, extracortical collection of subperiosteal bone may develop beneath the extensor apparatus. Because of its shape and composition we have chosen to call this lesion turret exostosis’’ ( Figure 1 ). These exostoses usually develop several weeks to months after a lacerating injury. Wissinger said that it reminded Joseph Boyes of the gun turret on top of a World War II B-17 bomber (personal communication) ( Figure 2 ). Figure 1 ‘Roentgenogram made six months after injury. The turret exostosis is mature.’ Reprinted from Wissinger et al. 1 Turret exostosis. J. Rone Joint Surg., 1966, 48A, 105–110, with permission of the editor Figure 2 B-17 with top gun turret visible. Courtesy of the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
Hereditary multiple exostoses: are there new plausible treatment strategies?
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2018
Introduction: Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a rare congenital pediatric disorder characterized by osteochondromas forming next to the growth plates in young patients. The osteochondromas cause multiple health problems that include skeletal deformities and chronic pain. Surgery is used to remove the most symptomatic osteochondromas but because of their large number, many are left in place, causing life-long problems and increasing the probability of malignant transformation. There is no other treatment to prevent or reduce osteochondroma formation at present. Areas covered: Recent studies reviewable through PubMed are providing new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of osteochondroma development. The resulting data are suggesting rational and plausible new therapeutic strategies for osteochondroma prevention some of which are being tested in HME animal models and one of which is part of a just announced clinical trial. Expert commentary: This section summarizes and evaluates such strategies and points also to possible future alternatives.
Exostoses and Cavernous Venous Formation in the External Auditory Canal of the Hooded Seal as a Functional Physiological Organ
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2000
Lars-Eric Stenfors, Jacob Sadè, Sten Hellström, Matti Anniko, Lars Folkow
Exostoses of the external auditory canal (EAC) develop after protracted mechanical, chemical or thermal irritation in particular. This is a common disorder among aquatic sportsmen and has been considered unique to Man. We dissected and photodocumented the EACs of 5 newborn and 3 adult Hooded Seals (Cystophora cristata). Serial sections of the EACs were prepared for light microscopic evaluation after staining with haematoxylin-eosin or toluidine blue. All EACs exhibited a firm, broad-based, mountain peak-shaped exostosis on the floor of the meatus, lateral to the eardrum. In addition, the meatal skin of the bony EAC harboured large venous sinuses. The exostosis and venous sinuses of the seal EAC participate in the protection of the sensitive hearing apparatus, particularly the pars tensa portion of the drum, during diving.
Grip strength is potentially an early indicator of age-related decline in mice
Published in Pathobiology of Aging & Age-related Diseases, 2016
Xuan Ge, Anthony Cho, Marcia A. Ciol, Christina Pettan-Brewer, Jessica Snyder, Peter Rabinovitch, Warren Ladiges
The hand grip test has been correlated with mobility and physical performance in older people and has been shown to be a long-term predictor of mortality. Implementation of new strategies for enhancing healthy aging and maintaining independent living are dependent on predictable preclinical studies. The mouse is used extensively as a model in these types of studies, and the paw grip strength test is similar to the hand grip test for people in that it assesses the ability to grip a device with the paw, is non-invasive and easy to perform, and provides reproducible information. However, little has been reported on how grip strength declines with increasing age in mice. This report shows that grip strength was decreased in C57BL/6 (B6) NIA and C57BL/6×BALB/c F1 (CB6F1) NIA male mice at 12 months of age compared to 8-month-old mice, and continued a robust decline to 20 months and then 28 months of age, when the study was terminated. The decline was not related to lean muscle mass, but extensive age-related carpal and digital exostosis could help explain the decreased grip strength times with increasing age. In conclusion, the grip strength test could be useful in mouse preclinical studies to help make translational predictions on treatment strategies to enhance healthy aging.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Arthritis
- Calcaneus
- Hyperostosis
- Plantar Fasciitis
- Bone
- Osteochondroma
- Surfer'S Ear