Skeletal System
David Sturgeon in Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Healthcare Students, 2018
Bones are usually classified by their shape. For example, there are long bones such as the femur and humerus, short bones such as the carpal and tarsal bones, flat bones such as the sternum and ribs, irregular bones such as the vertebrae, mandible (jaw) and sesamoid (‘shaped like a sesame seed’) bones which develop in tendons. The best example of a sesamoid bone is the kneecap (patella) but other (much smaller) examples can be identified in the wrist (pisiform bone), thumb and elsewhere. An adult long bone consists of a diaphysis or shaft at the centre/mid-section and an epiphysis (thickened head) at either end. In childhood, the epiphysis is separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage to allow growth. It articulates with other bones (as joints) and is protected by a thin layer of smooth hyaline cartilage (see below). The remainder of the bone is surrounded by a double membrane of connective tissue called periosteum. The outer layer of periosteum is known as the fibrous layer since it contains collagen-secreting cells called fibroblasts. The inner layer is known as the cambium or osteogenic (bone creating) layer since it contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. The periosteum is richly supplied with blood vessels and provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. It is fixed to the outer surface of the bone by bundles of collagenous fibres called Sharpey’s fibres (Figure 4.7).
Bones and joints
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings in McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
When studying the origin of the bones of the adult skeleton, which of the following statements is anatomically accurate?The bones of the skull form through a process of intracartilagenous ossification.The ossification of the epiphyseal plate results in the cessation of bone growth in the axial skeleton.The distal epiphyseal plate of the humerus is classically used to estimate foetal maturity.The cartilaginous type of joint seen in long bones of the foetus disappear before birth without affecting bone growth.The synovial type of joint is only seen to develop after the long bones have matured.
Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids
Frank A. Barile in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The three principal estrogens in female plasma* are 19-β-estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Physiologically, estrogens promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, including the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and mammary glands. Estrogens are necessary for the maturation of secondary female sex characteristics.† As with testosterone, estrogens work in conjunction with human growth hormone (hGH) to increase protein anabolism for muscle and bone growth. This action indirectly contributes to the shaping of the skeleton and epiphyses of the long bones that allows the pubertal growth spurt and termination. The involvement of estrogens in lowering coronary heart disease in females under 50 years old is attributable to its ability to decrease blood cholesterol.
Feasibility of microwave ablation of the vertebral growth plate for spine growth regulation: a preliminary study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Zhi-Shan Du, Ying-Song Wang, Jing-Ming Xie, Tao Li, Zhi-Yue Shi, Qiu-An Lu, Ying Zhang, Zhi Zhao, Ni Bi, Zhi-Bo Song, Ting-Biao Zhu
The vertebral growth plate is a cartilage layer between the vertebral body and intervertebral disk tissue. It is similar to the long bone epiphysis and plays an important role in the growth and development of the spine [10]. Regulating proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis of chondrocytes in the vertebral growth plate may have a vital effect on spine growth in children and adolescents. These processes regulate spinal growth and may be manipulated to correct scoliosis [11]. Epiphyseal block technology is an orthopedic method that completely or partially blocks the process of osteogenesis by changing the symmetrical area and pressure of the epiphyseal plate; it reverses the original growth asymmetry of bone tissues, using the growth imbalance to correct the deformity [12]. Currently, this technology has been widely used in the treatment of limb inequality and scoliosis, using U-shaped nails and tethers [13,14]. However, traditional epiphyseal block techniques involve open surgery, and an internal fixation device is implanted to regulate the growth potential or mechanical stress of the vertebral growth plate. Thus, the surgical trauma is substantial, especially in children and adolescents. Moreover, the epiphyseal block effect is achieved indirectly by adjusting the mechanical stress. However, the mechanism and ability of mechanical stress to regulate spinal growth have not been clarified, and indirect adjustment of mechanical stress to correct scoliosis is limited as it has only been used in patients with mild scoliosis [15,16].
LncRNA HIF2PUT inhibited osteosarcoma stem cells proliferation, migration and invasion by regulating HIF2 expression
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Ding Zhao, Sisi Wang, Xu Chu, Dongfeng Han
Osteosarcoma is a kind of solid tumour with high malignancy. It often occurs in the epiphyses of long tubular bones such as proximal tibia and distal femur. The incidence of osteosarcoma accounted for about 0.2% of human malignant solid tumours [1]. In all primary malignant bone tumour, its incidence is first. In recent years, due to the continuous development of new adjuvant chemotherapy technology and the continuous innovation of various surgical methods, the 5-year survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma without metastasis can reach about 70% [2]. However, the mortality and metastasis rates of osteosarcoma are still very high. So far, the specific mechanism of osteosarcoma is still unclear. Therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen the study on the molecular mechanism of osteosarcoma.
Bone changes in the lower limbs from participation in an FES rowing exercise program implemented within two years after traumatic spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Rebecca L. Lambach, Nicole E. Stafford, Julie A. Kolesar, B. Jenny Kiratli, Graham H. Creasey, Robin S. Gibbons, Brian J. Andrews, Gary S. Beaupre
Bone measurements of the distal femur and distal tibia were performed using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) (XCT3000, Stratec Medizintechnik, Pforzheim, Germany). Scans were obtained at four time points in the study: at enrollment (T0), and after 30 (T1), 60 (T2) and 90 (T3) exercise sessions. The left leg was scanned unless previous fracture (within the last 10 years) or the presence of hardware prevented scanning the ankle and knee of the same leg; then the right leg was scanned. Scans were obtained using methods described previously by Eser et al.1 Scout views of the distal femur and tibia were obtained to place a reference line at the distal end of each bone. Cross-sectional scans were then performed in the distal epiphyses of the femur and tibia at 4% of bone length with a slice thickness of 2.2 mm. Tibia scans were obtained with the standard procedures provided by the manufacturer using a voxel size of 0.5 mm edge length. Femur scans were obtained with a voxel edge length of 0.3 mm because of the very thin femoral cortical shell.