Clinical specialties
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield in The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
A young boy attends your GP clinic complaining of left-sided hip pain since yesterday. He is now limping due to pain in the hip on walking. He has also suffered with asthma, which is well controlled with salbuta- mol. You suspect a slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) after a full history and examination are concluded. Which gender is more predisposed to SUFE? (1)What age range is typical for this condition? (1)Give two risk factors, other than gender, for a SUFE. (2)What cartilage makes up the epiphyseal plate? (1)What is typically found on examination? (2)Name three differential diagnoses for hip pain in a child. (3)
Bones and joints
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings in McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
When studying the origin of the bones of the adult skeleton, which of the following statements is anatomically accurate?The bones of the skull form through a process of intracartilagenous ossification.The ossification of the epiphyseal plate results in the cessation of bone growth in the axial skeleton.The distal epiphyseal plate of the humerus is classically used to estimate foetal maturity.The cartilaginous type of joint seen in long bones of the foetus disappear before birth without affecting bone growth.The synovial type of joint is only seen to develop after the long bones have matured.
Growning Up in Ancient America
Debra L. Martin, Anna J. Osterholtz in Bodies and Lives in Ancient America, 2015
After weaning, growth and development continues at fairly predictable rates, but while teeth are under strong genetic timing for growth, bones are much more effected by many things that can slow or stop growth and development (Stinson 2012). Children’s bones start out as cartilage models in utero and, in the third trimester, begin to ossify. This process of ossification permits the highly vascularized bones to grow both in length and width until the ages of 18 for females and 21 for males. By those ages, compact bone at the articular ends fuse at the epiphyseal plate. The growing skeleton is subject to environmental, nutritional, and disease stresses throughout the growth and development period, and signs of infectious disease and nutritional problems become evident on the bones of children who died. See Chapter 2 for additional details about the identification of these nutritional deficiencies and infectious processes and how they are identified. For example, when the age at death is secured by dental eruption, long-bone length for that age can be compared to that developed using standards based on well-nourished modern populations and this can provide evidence of growth faltering (Pinhasi and Stock 2011).
KLF2 reduces dexamethasone-induced injury to growth plate chondrocytes by inhibiting the Runx2-mediated PI3K/AKT and ERK signalling pathways
Published in Autoimmunity, 2023
Yulong Ma, Tao Peng, Xudong Yao, Chaonan Sun, Xiaowei Wang
Epiphyseal injury is a unique bone disease in children [1]. Once this damage, it will affect the growth of children and the normal growth and development of the children’s bones [2]. Epiphyseal plate is a component of cartilage, which is closely related to the proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes [3]. Dexamethasone (Dex) is a kind of glucocorticoid (GCs) with anti-inflammatory, detoxification and anti-allergy effects [4]. Glucocorticoids have immune suppression, anti-shock, antipyretic and detoxification effects, and are widely used in paediatric clinics for asthma, chemotherapy, anti-shock, antipyretic and the treatment of other diseases treatment [5–7]. However, long-term use of Dex can induce growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) apoptosis, impair differentiation, and inhibit cell proliferation and bone growth [7, 8].
Application of 3D printing navigation system in pediatric epiphyseal complex lesion surgery
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2023
Haoqi Cai, Haiqing Cai, Zhigang Wang
The most significant difference in the skeletal system between children and adults lies in the epiphysis and physeal plate and the epiphyseal complex [1]. Epiphyseal injury is a general term involving damage to the longitudinal growth mechanism of bone, including epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, ring around the epiphyseal plate (Ranvier area), growth-related articular cartilage, and metaphyseal injury. The incidence of epiphyseal injuries in children under 16 years of age ranges from 6% to 30% [2]. Innate metabolic diseases, infections, tumors and fractures may lead to epiphyseal damage [1,3]. According to statistics, about 5 to 10% of children experience growth failure after epiphyseal injury [2]. It mainly involves two aspects: abnormalities in limb length and abnormalities in limb alignment that will seriously affect children’s joint quality and walking function and then affect life quality [4–9]. They will be secondary to abnormalities in the spine, hip joints, and other joints over time [10].
The small problem when treating childhood chronic myeloid leukemia
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2019
Meinolf Suttorp
It was rapidly learned that “targeted treatment” in general has multiple “off-target” effects5. Besides inhibition of ABL1, imatinib has been shown to block the activity of various TKs among others also c-KIT and platelet derived growth factor receptors alpha and beta. These TKs are key players in the metabolism of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. As consequence, change in bone mineral density and dysregulated bone remodeling has been described in adult patients6,7. Remodeling occurs lifelong by a balanced replacement process between bone resorption and new bone formation. Activity in the epiphyseal plate enables bones to grow in length and modeling allows bones to grow in diameter. Children have immature skeletons. A large increase in bone mass occurs during childhood and puberty followed by a gradual increase until peak bone mass is reached at 20–30 years of age. Subsequently, bone mass decreases with an accelerated bone loss seen in females after menopause. Due to the longer life expectancy of children with CML compared to adult patients the current standard practice of continuing TKI treatment indefinitely can lead to significant long-term morbidities in children.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Bone REModeling
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Metaphysis
- Chondrocyte
- Uterus
- Endochondral Ossification
- Mitosis
- Long Bone
- Epiphyseal Line