The British School: Caiman, Cannon, and Manton and their effect on carcinology in the English speaking world
Frank Truesdale in History of Carcinology, 2020
Cannon soon discovered that some muscles in the anostracan Chirocephalus actually differentiated from ectoderm — those associated with the presumptive proctodeum fold inward with proctodeal invagination and function as hindgut dilators. In addition, Cannon noted that the ventral muscles attached to the endoskeleton also arose from involuted material derived from ectoderm. Cannon’s subsequent studies on the development of segmental structures, especially those associated with transient coelomic pouches, earned him a solid reputation as an experimental zoologist, and garnered for him in quick succession a D.Sc. from the University of London and election to the chair of zoology at the University of Sheffield in 1926, and fellowship in the Royal Society and the awarding of the Linnean Society Crisp Medal in 1927 — all by the age of 30.
The skeleton and muscles
Frank J. Dye in Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Without our skeleton and muscles, we would not be able to move about or maintain our posture. Moreover, our ability to hear also depends on three small bones—the incus, malleus, and stapes—in our middle ear and the muscles attached to these bones. Like other vertebrates, we have an endoskeleton (internal skeleton), which provides protection for our soft parts. We do not have an exoskeleton (shell) like some animals, but if you have ever banged your head against something hard, you can appreciate the skull's protection of your brain! Our skeleton is divided into two general parts (Figure 14.1): the axial skeleton is composed of the skull, vertebral column (backbone), sternum, and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton is composed of limbs, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle.
Metabolic and endocrine bone disorders
Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse in Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
One of the primary roles of the skeleton is to provide an endoskeleton, transmitting forces applied by muscles acting as external levers for the purposes of locomotion and other activities. The skeleton is designed to withstand different types of forces such as compression, tension, shear and torsion. However, at any one site a specific type of force tends to predominate; for example, compression is the predominant force acting on lumbar vertebrae while tensile forces predominate at the superior surface of the femoral neck. The direction and thickness of trabeculae in cancellous bone are related to regional stress trajectories. This is recognized in Wolff’s law (1896), which states that the architecture and mass of the skeleton are adjusted to withstand the prevailing forces imposed by functional need or deformity (see Figure 7.10). This has led to the concept of the mechanostat, whereby bone remodelling and bone mass are regulated to ensure that bone strain (defined as deformation in response to an externally applied load per unit length) is kept within a target range (Frost, 1987).
The Altura endograft system for endovascular aneurysm repair: presentation of its unique design with clinical implications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Efstratios Georgakarakos, Konstantinos Dimitriadis, Gioultzan Memet Efenti, Georgios I Karaolanis, Christos Argyriou, George S. Georgiadis
The braided endoskeleton of the Altura endograft carries unique features, the main of which is the adjustable length of its segments according to the vessel diameter where they are deployed. Greater vessel diameters necessitate greater compression of the endoskeleton of a given diameter to achieve apposition and sealing, thus resulting in shorter covering lengths (Figure 4A-C). Figure 3 and Table 1 exemplify the aforementioned, showing the lengths that a certain main body of 24 mm can obtain; with increasing vessel diameters of 18,19,20,21 and 22 mm, the ‘D’ segment (marked with the black triangle) receives lengths of 39,36,34,31 and 28 mm accordingly, as previously explained. Likewise, the 27 mm and 30 mm main bodies can obtain lengths of 40–29 mm and 42–29 mm, accordingly, as shown in Table 1. The distal (limb) segment (marked with the black circle) of the main body accommodates the iliac diameters from 5 to 13 mm, receiving lengths from 116 to 40 mm, accordingly.
Removal of reactive red-198 dye using chitosan as an adsorbent: optimization by Central composite design coupled with response surface methodology
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Hassan Haffad, Mohamed Zbair, Zakaria Anfar, Hassan Ait Ahsaine, Hicham Bouhlal, Hamza Khallok
Chitosan is a polysaccharide made out of an irregular conveyance of β-(1–4)—connected D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is created by substance (alkaline) or enzymatic deacetylation of chitin, the part of the exoskeleton of arthropods (shellfish) or the endoskeleton of cephalopods (squid) or the mass of growths (Allan and Hadwiger 1979). As a first utilize, the chitosan was presented in beautifying agents and dietary items. It has been known for quite a while in Japan for his important capacity to build up a defensive gel in the stomach (Patel and Amiji 1996), and because of its synthetic affinities with the lipids, it can “settle” around 15 times its very own weight of lipids (Wydro et al. 2007). It could likewise bring down the aggregate level of LDL cholesterol (“awful cholesterol”) and raise the level of HDL (“great cholesterol”) (Bokura and Kobayashi 2003).
A clinical update on the mid-term clinical performance of the Ovation endograft
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Andreas Koutsoumpelis, Efstratios Georgakarakos, Kalliopi-Maria Tasopoulou, Nikolaos Kontopodis, Christos Argyriou, George S. Georgiadis
The Ovation device uses a combination of active suprarenal fixation via a long nitinol stent with a pair of polymer-filled inflatable rings that achieve sealing at the infrarenal neck, regardless of its shape and length. The minimal outward radial force exerted by the fixed sealing rings at the infrarenal neck enables fixation in AAA cases with presence of thrombus and calcification infrarenally, even if this is not regularly suggested -for the time being at least- according to the instructions-for-use of the endograft [7,8]. Its main-body is deprived of Nitinol endoskeleton. Consequently, its delivery system carries the lowest profile on the market (14F), expanding the possibilities of EVAR in patients with small or tortuous iliac arteries [7,8]. This facilitates the navigation and deployment of the endograft in smaller aortas and expands the spectrum of EVAR application even in women ineligible for EVAR with conventional devices [9]. With respect to the proximal aortic neck, the device is the only FDA- approved device for use in a neck of length ≥7 mm and diameter not exceeding 30 mm at 13 mm below the lowermost renal artery [10].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Animal
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- Skeleton
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- Skeletal Muscle
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