The Phrenic Nerves, Diaphragm and Pericardium.
Fred W Wright in Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
The Diaphragm - anatomically consists of two parts: The dome which attaches to the lowest parts of the lower ribs, the sternum and spine, and fascial bands and ligaments attached to these. The dome contains but little muscle and is mainly fibrotendinous. Normally it is only 2 to 3 mm thick. 'Pseudo-thickening' is most commonly caused by a subpulmonary pleural effusion.The lumbar part, mainly the crura, passes down antero-laterally to the upper lumbar vertebrae and attaches to them. The rest of the lumbar part attaches to the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments - thickenings of the lumbar fascia overlying the anterior aspects of the psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles and attaching to the LI vertebral body and the 12th ribs. The crura contain considerable amounts of muscle.
Transformation of human traits and being
Antonella Sansone in Cultivating Mindfulness to Raise Children Who Thrive, 2020
Breathing allows our body to take in enough oxygen and promote its optimal heath. But most of us do not breathe properly. We undervalue the benefits of breathing properly. The physiological benefits of oxygen include eliminating toxins in tissues, cells and the bloodstream; increasing the uptake of nutrients; killing infectious bacteria; and boosting the immune system (Altman, 2007). The psychological effects include boosted energy and a calmer self-regulated nervous system. Breathing properly during pregnancy is particularly important, since the supplies of oxygen increase by 20 per cent. The enhanced body awareness also helps connect with the developing baby. You can build a habit of deep breathing during some daily activities (e.g. dishwashing, while on the train, driving, holding the baby and breastfeeding). It is important to engage the diaphragm while breathing in. Extending the exhalation as long as possible keeps the parasympathetic system (calming) active. Breathing practice helps you connect with your body by becoming aware of the breathing and body sensations, feelings and needs.
Functions of the Respiratory System
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal in Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
The lungs lie within the thorax, covered by the visceral pleura and separated from the parietal pleura on the inside of the chest wall by the (potential) intrapleural space. The diaphragm separates the lungs from the abdominal contents. The elastic forces of the lung and the chest wall are in equilibrium; the tendency of the lung is to collapse (contract down), and the tendency of the chest wall is to expand (muscle tone in the diaphragm also contributes to this), resulting in a negative intrapleural pressure (Figure 15.1). Therefore, the transmural pressure gradient that tends to distend the alveolar wall (called the transpulmonary pressure) increases. Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between alveolar and intrapleural pressures. At the end of a normal expiration, the two opposing forces balance and the lung volume is at FRC.
Effect of exercise intervention on lung function in asthmatic adults: a network meta-analysis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Shuangtao Xing, Shijie Feng, Dan Zeng
BT combined with AT can enhance the physical and psychological condition of adult asthmatics, primarily through the reinforcement of respiratory function during exercise. The combination of thoracic and abdominal breathing, with an emphasis on abdominal breathing, increases diaphragmatic contraction, facilitating diaphragmatic rise and fall and improving respiratory organ function by continuously altering thoracic and abdominal pressures. YG predominantly involves twisting, forward bending, and backward bending positions, which can enhance blood circulation, metabolism, and chest cavity volume. Additionally, YG incorporates lung breathing techniques that massage internal organs and improve their function. Through specific breathing training, the diaphragm within the lungs can be activated, leading to increased alveolar mobility and improved muscle activity and coordination during the respiratory cycle. Consequently, this results in substantial changes in intrapulmonary pressure, enhanced alveolar expansion and contraction, and expansion of the respiratory tract, reducing airway resistance and promoting lung ventilation and gas exchange [42]. Therefore, BT + AT and YG may represent the most effective intervention methods for enhancing lung function in adult asthmatics.
Is there a relationship between respiratory function and trunk control and functional mobility in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis?
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Melike Sumeyye Ozen, Ebru Calik-Kutukcu, Yeliz Salci, Ecem Karanfil, Asli Tuncer, Kadriye Armutlu
Loss of strength in the respiratory muscles, especially in the expiratory muscles, along with decreases in functional mobility, trunk control, and lung capacity, were found from the early period in the MS patients. The diaphragm, which is an inspiratory muscle, should not be ignored because it is affected in the later stages of the disease. Furthermore, the functional relationship between core stability and respiratory muscles is very important in terms of mobility. For this reason, we think that these parameters should be monitored closely during physiotherapy evaluations from the early stages of the disease, and training to increase lung capacity and strengthen respiratory and trunk muscles should be included in treatment programs. Future studies in which a large number of MS patients of all clinical types are included and comparisons are made according to the EDSS scores are required.
Imaging the levator ani and the puborectalis muscle: implications in understanding regional anatomy, physiology and pathology
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Maolin Guo, Andrew P. Zbar, Yucen Wu
Despite these limitations, MRI is an ideal modality with which to examine the morphology and spatial arrangement of the anorectal and pelvic floor musculature in vivo, as well as to define the connectivity of the fat spaces. For the purposes of definition, the pelvic floor structures comprise the pelvic diaphragm (Figure 1(C)) and the entire soft-tissue region below which represents the perineum. The pelvic diaphragm itself is a myofascial septum, comprising a pair of levator ani muscles, a pair of coccygeus muscles and their upper and lower associated fasciae. The urogenital hiatus is enclosed and reinforced by the urogenital diaphragm, the latter consisting of the urogenital deltoid muscle formed by the deep transversal perineal muscle and the membranous urethra with their associated fasciae. The anal canal is the narrow part between the lower ampulla of the rectum and the anus. The intersphincteric groove is located at the end of the intersphincteric space. The intersphincteric space is one of the important anatomical landmarks identified on CT and MRI images (Figure 1(A)).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Urogenital Diaphragm
- Abdominal Cavity
- Pelvic Floor
- Capillary
- Lung
- Heart
- Thoracic Cavity
- Skeletal Muscle
- Mitochondrion
- Muscles of Respiration