Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
L.D. Kapoor in Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
The surface of the bark is fairly smooth and soft, and not deeply cracked, fissured, prominently lenticellate, or with exfoliating woody outer rind as in F. benghalensis. The thickness of the whole bark varies from less than a quarter of an inch to about three quarters of an inch, depending upon the age of the bark. The surface is extremely thin or thinly papyraceous and somewhat translucent. It is always found cracking in very close, irregular, vertical series and exfoliating in very small, oblong, or circular flakes about 10 in. wide, except in very young bark, which is very thin. The bark of F. glomerata is gray, and on drying the pieces become curved. It has an indistinct odor and astringent taste. The cork has three to eight layers of rectangular cells. Individual parenchymatous cells as well as sclereids are arranged in radial files with corresponding phellogen and cork cells. The cortex is wide with numerous sclereids. Phloem has sieve tubes, companion cells, etc. Powder is light pink to light brown in color.393
Microscopical Characters of the Medicinal Species of Bupleurum in China
Sheng-Li Pan in Bupleurum Species, 2006
The root of Bupleurum is covered by periderm composed of five to ten regularly arranged cork cell layers of quadrangular cells elongated periclinally (Figure 3.1). In some species, such as B. bicaule, B. yinchowense, cork cells are up to 20 to 22 cell layers. Under the periderm there are three to four cell layers of pericyclic parenchyma, the corners of which are usually slightly thickened. Several resin ducts occur in pericyclic parenchyma. Nagoshi and Odani (1976) discovered that these ducts are reticulately distributed in a single layer under the periderm. The primary phloem is at in the periphery of the phloem bundle. The sieve elements are collapsed and almost invisible. In secondary phloem, the sieves and the companion cells are arranged in groups and can be distinguished from parenchyma by their size and darker cytoplasm. Oil cavities are scattered in the pericyclic parenchyma, the secondary phloem, and phloem rays. The number of oil cavities varies in different species. In a few species, e.g., B. polyclonum, B. marginatum var. stenophyllum, B. rockii, and B. wenchuanense, oil cavities cannot be found in phloem and phloem rays. In some species, for example, B. chinense, B. krylovianum, the oil cavities in phloem and phloem rays are up to seven to eight layers. The transversally dilated cells of the phloem rays of some species, i.e., B. marginatum var. stenophyllum, B. kunmingense, B. polyclonum, and B. longiradiatum, are filled with starch grains 4 to 12 µm in diameter.
Radiation induced mutagenesis, physio-biochemical profiling and field evaluation of mutants in sugarcane cv. CoM 0265
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Madhavi V. Purankar, Ashok A. Nikam, Rachayya M. Devarumath, Suprasanna Penna
Sucrose is the main form of storage carbon in sugarcane. It is produced in leaves and transported to phloem and stored in parenchyma cells of stem. Based on our observations and available literature, probable mechanisms adapted by mutant clones for improved sucrose under saline conditions may include: (1) improvement in stomatal conductance by maintaining water balance, (2) improvement in carbon assimilation, (3) higher transport of sugars from source to sink, (4) adjustment of ionic and osmotic balance by maintaining lower levels of Na+ into the cells, and (5) efficient ROS scavenging ability (Figure 7). Sucrose formation and storage in sugarcane is a complex process and is controlled by SuSy, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), neutral invertase, acid invertase, and hexokinase which define the fate of carbon assimilation into the sucrose (Kalwade and Devarumath 2014; Mirajkar et al. 2016). Under stress condition, several stress signaling mechanisms are reported to indirectly control activity of these enzymes, thereby aiding to maintain carbon assimilation and sucrose content (Trouverie et al. 2004; Guo et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2019). In a previous study, differential sugar metabolism with higher SPS activity was associated with high sugar content in sugarcane mutants (Mirajkar et al. 2016).
Direct ionizing radiation and bystander effect in mouse mesenchymal stem cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Amanda Nogueira-Pedro, Helena Regina Comodo Segreto, Kathryn D. Held, Antonio Francisco Gentil Ferreira Junior, Carolina Carvalho Dias, Araceli Aparecida Hastreiter, Edson Naoto Makiyama, Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero, Primavera Borelli, Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
Chromosome damage was assessed using the cytokinesis-block MN technique as previously described by Yang et al. (2005). For this assay, one day before irradiation, 8 × 104 and 4 × 104 cells were seeded in a well of a six-well companion plate and upon a coverslip of 22 mm (Globe Scientific) transwell insert respectively. The coverslips were placed in a transwell insert in order to establish the co-culture system when appropriate. After irradiation of the seed companion cell plates, the inserts containing the coverslips were put into them, and 5 h later cytochalasin B (Sigma Aldrich, USA) was added to the cultures to a final concentration of 1.5 μg/mL. After 72 h of incubation, the cells in both companion wells and coverslips in the inserts were fixed with methanol: acetic acid (3:1, v/v) overnight. After air drying, the coverslips were rehydrated with PBS and placed onto a slide with drop of a mounting medium containing DAPI (Vectashield; Vector Laboratories, USA), and then the coverslips were sealed and analyzed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX51, Japan). At least 500 binucleate cells in at least 10 view fields were examined. Results are expressed as the percentage of micronucleated per binucleated cells.
Global impact of trace non-essential heavy metal contaminants in industrial cannabis bioeconomy
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Louis Bengyella, Mohammed Kuddus, Piyali Mukherjee, Dobgima J. Fonmboh, John E. Kaminski
Heavy metals loading into xylem vessels occurs via HMA2 and/or HMA4 proteins (Park and Ahn 2017), and sequestration results from the binding of chelating proteins and transporters (Uraguchi et al. 2009). Heavy metals trafficking from xylem to phloem is mediated by PHT1:1, PHT1:4, and heavy metal ATPase and cation exchanger 2 (Wong and Cobbett 2009). Recently, Ahmad et al. (2016) identified two important HMs responsive genes, glutathione-disulfidereductase (GSR) and phospholipase D-α (PLDα) in C. sativa that are overregulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under stress. In another study, an increase in phytochelatin and DNA content was observed when C. sativa was subjected to heavy metal stress conditions (Citterio et al. 2003). The cannabis genome consists of 54 GRAS transcription factors (involved in growth and development) that regulate 40 homologous GRAS genes under cadmium stress (Ming-Yin et al. 2020). Thus, we suggest the application of reverse genetics to silence HMs transporters in the developmental process of next-generation domesticated cannabis. This approach has the potential to mitigate the intrinsic phytoremediation propensity, ensure consumer safety, and boost the cannabis bioeconomy. However, to develop HMs hyperaccumulating cannabis strains for applied biotechnologies such as phytoremediation, phytomining, and pre-cultivation cleaning of farmland, exploring evolved and adapted landraces from global HMs hotspots (Table 1) could facilitate the process. Cannabis landraces from global HMs hotspots should be studied for their unique physiological propensity to uptake, transport, and sequestrate HMs and avert extinction in extreme growing conditions.