Obesity
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair in Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
Even more significant than generalized obesity, the presence and quantity of central obesity is predictive for a number of adverse health risks and is, therefore, important to diagnose and intervene when excessive. The presence of central obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.12 Genetic, gender, and age effects are related to the accumulation of central obesity, in addition to dietary intake and physical activity levels. The metabolic abnormalities associated with abdominal obesity, particularly when it is predominantly visceral (intra-abdominal) as opposed to subcutaneous in distribution are listed in Table 4. Men tend to have much more abdominal adipose tissue than women prior to menopause, as well as those kinds of metabolic abnormalities which predispose them to premature cardiovascular disease and diabetes. After menopause, however, the withdrawal of estrogen in women is associated with a more masculine pattern of fat distribution as well as its associated metabolic profile and disease risk.
The Scale of the Problem—Overweight and Obesity
Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather in Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
Body mass index does not distinguish between mass due to body fat and muscles. Nor does it take account of the distribution of fat around the body. Some individuals who might not be defined as obese according to their BMI may still have a high degree of abdominal obesity, also termed ‘central’ obesity. So an adult’s waist circumference should be considered in addition to their BMI (especially for those with a BMI >35 kg/m2) when a clinician is assessing how overweight they are, or their waist:hip ratio. The relative distribution of fat between waist and hip predicts someone’s subsequent coronary artery disease better than their body mass index. There are increased health risks from obesity when the waist circumference exceeds 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women.
Changes in Body Composition with Exercise in Overweight and Obese Children
Henry C. Lukaski in Body Composition, 2017
Exercise dose–response studies are lacking and the optimal dose of exercise for reducing total body and regional fat is not known. In their analysis, Atlantis et al. (2006) found that moderate-to-high-intensity aerobic exercise significantly reduced body fat in obese boys and girls. Reductions in measures of central obesity were also reported that approached statistical significance. These investigators found larger effects after pooling studies which prescribed a higher versus lower dose of exercise (155–180 vs. 120–150 min/week). Current recommended doses (volumes) of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents (i.e., 210–360 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) published by expert committees (Saris et al. 2003; Daniels et al. 2005; USDA 2005) are substantially higher than doses that have been tested in RCTs in young overweight and obese cohorts. Indeed, in their review, Atlantis et al. (2006) found no randomized controlled trial (RCT) that tested a dose of more than 200 min per week of exercise in overweight children. Although higher doses may in fact have greater benefits on body fat and central fat, this supposition must be tested in rigorous trials to demonstrate its feasibility and efficacy. Findings to date suggest a significant benefit of aerobic exercise at somewhat lower doses.
Risk factors for poor asthma control and impaired quality of life in a Caribbean population
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Sateesh Sakhamuri, Cherisse Rampersad, Chelsie Ramsingh, Marsha A. Ivey, Lexley M. Pinto Pereira
The data were analyzed at the p = 0.05 level of significance. Some variables presented were derived from existing variables. Frequent exacerbations was defined as having a history of two or more exacerbations in the last twelve months. Reporting of at least two out of three cardinal symptoms viz; snoring, witnessed apneas and daytime sleepiness were considered as presence of sleep apnea features. Disease control, evaluated on the Asthma Control Test (ACT), was defined as uncontrolled (ACT score <20) and controlled (ACT score ≥20) (14). The Juniper Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (Mini AQLQ–J) was used to create asthma quality of life impairment (AQLI) defined as impaired for those with poor/moderate AQLQ (scores 1–2 = poor and 3–5 = moderate) and not impaired as those with a good AQLQ (scores rated 6–7) (15). BMI was calculated and used as a measure of general obesity. Central obesity was defined as having an abnormal waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for males and ≥ 80 cm for females (16).
Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among persons with type 2 diabetes in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Emmanuel Ekpor, Samuel Akyirem, Precious Adade Duodu
Our findings on the clinical factors associated with overweight and obesity reveal that several elements, including hypertension, central obesity, and high triglyceride levels, are well-established to have a common relationship with these conditions. These are all clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome and are frequently observed among patients with T2DM [108]. The increased risk for hypertension among individuals with obesity is believed to be mediated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, increased insulin resistance, and the release of adipokines [109]. Additionally, our study identified that T2DM patients with peripheral neuropathy were more likely to be obese. This is in line with previous reports from outside Africa, which have found that T2DM patients with peripheral neuropathy have higher body mass index (BMI) values [110]. Furthermore, our study revealed that having central obesity was associated with general obesity, which is in agreement with the well-established contemporary relationship between these two conditions.
Operator-specific outcomes in endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty: a propensity-matched analysis of the US population using a multicenter database
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Hassam Ali, Faisal Inayat, Talia F. Malik, Pratik Patel, Gul Nawaz, Sobaan Taj, Attiq Ur Rehman, Arslan Afzal, Rizwan Ishtiaq, Muhammad Sohaib Afzal, Rashmi Advani, Rabindra R. Watson
The prevalence of central obesity is increasing worldwide, with rising concerns over increased mortality and morbidity in obesity-related conditions.15 Bariatric surgeries are safe and effective treatment options for obesity. However, such procedures are associated with poor patient acceptance due to fear of surgery-related complications and higher healthcare utilization costs.16 Consequently, noninvasive endoscopic bariatric therapies emerged. Abu Dayyeh and colleagues first introduced the ESG procedure in 2013.10 Since then, it has been rapidly evolving as one of the treatment modalities for weight loss.17 ESG is a fundus-sparing procedure, which is a distinct difference from sleeve gastrectomy. It involves plication of gastric curvature and fundus, reducing gastric volume by 75% to 80%.18
Related Knowledge Centers
- Adipose Tissue
- Stomach
- Abdomen
- Obesity
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- Vascular Disease
- Waist
- Type 2 Diabetes