The Role of Light and Electromagnetic Fields in Maintaining Vascular Health
Aruna Bakhru in Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Lysosomes begin their life as caveolae (“little caves”). Caveolae are cavities (indentations) that appear in the membranes of multiple cell types, particularly muscle cells, which need considerable energy to maintain their ability to promote movement. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that give the cell physical strength but also likely double as electrical wires for transporting protons into organelles that are attached to the cytoskeleton, including lysosomes and mitochondria. The microtubules that form the cytoskeleton organize as hollow cylinders filled with structured water. The water is essential to maintain conductivity; without water, the tubule becomes an insulator. An imaginative paper by Sahu et al. has uncovered resonance phenomena in these tubules maintained through “electromagnetic resonant oscillation” that can encode information analogous to human-engineered wireless communication channels [24].
Lipid Raft Alteration and Functional Impairment in Aged Neuronal Membranes
Shamim I. Ahmad in Aging: Exploring a Complex Phenomenon, 2017
Caveolae were the first membrane microdomains identified and the only ones identifiable by their morphology and observable by microscopy. Caveolae are membrane invaginations, with a diameter of 25–150 nm, present in the Trans-Golgian network, exocytosis vesicles, ER, and plasma membrane [123]. Morphologically, they are abundant in the endothelium, muscle cells, adipocytes, and pulmonary epithelial cells [123–125]. Studies have also revealed that these structures are present in the central nervous system (CNS) [126,127]. Caveolae are structures rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol, as well as caveolin and cavine [107,108,128,129]. These caveolae are in particular involved in the transcytosis of molecules in the endothelial cells and in the endocytosis of bacterial toxins [104]. In the brain, the restrictive nature of the BBB requires cellular machinery to transfer and deliver macromolecules to the brain, which involved transcytosis for which the caveolae could play a role. Indeed, they interact in particular in the endocytosis of the plasma membrane receptors and their specific ligand such as insulin, transferrin, or lipoproteins [130], and in a small proportion, leptin [131].
Cell Penetrating Peptide (CPP)–Modified Liposomal Nanocarriers for Intracellular Drug and Gene Delivery
Mansoor M. Amiji in Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Another proposed mechanism for internalization is caveolae-mediated clathrin-independent uptake. Caveolae uptake involves the formation of flask-like uncoated invaginations (50–70 nm), principally composed of a subclass of detergent-resistant membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids called as lipid rafts.62 This type of uptake was suggested in.63,64 Unlike the rapid uptake of transferrin, a marker for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the internalization of TAT-cargo was very slow, reaching the plateau after several hours with the co-localization of TATp with the markers of caveolar uptake. The cellular uptake was affected in the presence of drugs that either disrupt lipid rafts or alter caveolar trafficking.
Caveolae, caveolin-1 and lung diseases of aging
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Sarah A. Wicher, Y.S. Prakash, Christina M. Pabelick
Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations. Caveolae and their constituent proteins caveolins and the regulatory cavins are found in different lung cell types, particularly airway smooth muscle (ASM) [2,3,5,11–14]. Unlike other smooth muscles, ASM expresses only caveolin-1 and −2, while caveolin-3 is primarily expressed in striated muscle. Caveolin-1 is most important for functional effects and thus it is appropriate that much of the data on role(s) of caveolae is focused on this isoform. The cavin family of proteins are key to insertion of caveolin-1 and caveolar formation (cavin-1), shape (cavin-2), trafficking (cavin-3), and interactions with intracellular structures (cavin-4) [15–19], but understanding of their cell-specific function or roles in airway structure/function or diseases is still in its infancy, with no published data on aging.
Pioglitazone restores phosphorylation of downregulated caveolin-1 in right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Eva Malikova, Zuzana Kmecova, Gabriel Doka, Lenka Bies Pivackova, Peter Balis, Simona Trubacova, Eva Velasova, Peter Krenek, Jan Klimas
Caveolae are small invaginations of the surface of various cells such as endothelial, smooth muscle, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts affecting various physiological functions including cell surface signaling, endocytosis, and intracellular cholesterol transport. Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is one of the major constituents essential for caveolae formation. Cav-1 is expressed in two isoforms, caveolin-1α (cav-1α) and caveolin-1β (cav-1β), that are produced from two different mRNAs (5). Moreover, protein produced from cav-1α can be phosphorylated on tyrosine 14 (pTyr14cav-1) and compared to cav-1β has a slightly different subcellular distribution (6). In the heart, cav-1 is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts (7), numerically the most abundant cell type of heart (8). Cav-1 is also highly expressed in endothelial cells (9), which represent the major non-myocyte population (10). Phosphorylation of cav-1 on tyrosine 14 occurs as a response to cellular stress, hormone, and growth factor stimulation (11) and seems to inhibit fibroblast–myofibroblast transformation (12), which results in an increased extracellular matrix production (13).
Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester use and inhibition of p42/44 MAP kinase signal pathway on caveolin 1 gene expression and antioxidant system in chronic renal failure model of rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Yilmaz Cigremis, Hasan Ozen, Merve Durhan, Selahattin Tunc, Evren Kose
Caveolae are 50–80 nm diameter sack-like invaginations of the plasma membrane that are present in many cell types (Lamaze et al. 2017). They are highly important in membrane trafficking and play important roles in cellular bioactivities. Caveolae are composed of caveolins (CAV) and cavins. Three types of caveolins, CAV1, CAV2, and CAV3 are described. CAV1 is expressed in many cell types, such as adipocytes, endothelial cells, pneumocytes, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells (Cohen 2004). It is also shown to be normally expressed in distal convoluted tubules, collecting ducts, and parietal cells of Bowman capsule of normal human kidney (Tamaskar et al. 2007). Although CAV1−/− knockout mice were reported to be viable and fertile, lack of caveolae or caveolins were shown to cause muscle, pulmonary, or lipid disorders (Le Lay and Kurzchalia 2005). A wide distribution of CAV1, therefore, signifies its importance in cellular transmembrane activities.