Anatomy and Cerebral Circulation of the Rat
Yanlin Wang-Fischer in Manual of Stroke Models in Rats, 2008
The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk runs beside the capsule1 (Figure 4.2). The ganglia in this area are consolidated into three pairs: the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia. The superior cervical ganglion lies at the level of bifurcation of the common carotid into external and internal carotid arteries and is in close proximity to the latter vessel, carotid body, and carotid sinus. It is accompanied by the sympathetic trunk through the carotid canal. The sympathetic trunks lie dorsal to the common carotid artery and the vagus nerve. At the first rib level, it displays the middle cervical ganglion. The inferior cervical ganglion is at the level between the second and third ribs. The cardiac branch is from the inferior cervical ganglion.
The Triple Heater (TH)
Narda G. Robinson in Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Clinical Relevance: The nervus intermedius (or intermediate nerve) has received substantial attention as a major neural culprit causing cluster headache. The parasympathetic connections made by the nervus intermedius explain the tearing and redness in the ipsilateral eye as well as nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. However, the migraine-like pain relates to vasodilatory stimuli affecting the internal carotid artery, its medium-sized branches, and the pial arteries. (On the head, vessels dilate after parasympathetic nervous system activation rather than inhibition of vasoconstrictor sympathetic tone.) As the internal carotid artery swells, the periarterial sympathetic nerves (nervi vasorum) supplying the artery can become compressed between the artery and the bony carotid canal. A partial Horner’s syndrome may result.11
Growth of the Cranial Base HHiH
D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli in Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
The extensive petro-occipital suture (Figure 11.14), which does not fuse until 26-30 years of age, could give both sagittal and transverse growth because of its obliquity. The growth of the petrous bone itself (uniformly depository on its endocranial surface) contributes both to middle and to posterior fossa growth. Because, like the petro-occipital suture, it lies obliquely, it will affect both length and breadth of its neighboring fossae. Measurements by Lang (1983) show its elongation (length of the transverse intrapetrous portion of the carotid canal plus the distance between the external opening of the canal medially and the tympanomastoid suture laterally). Measurements are 23 mm newborn, 33.2 mm at 3 years, 37.7 mm at 9-11 years, and 43.7 mm adult. This represents virtually a doubling of petrous length.
High-resolution computed tomography temporal bone imaging in achondroplasia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Puneet S. Kochar, Priti Soin, Ayah Megahed
The predominant temporal bone imaging feature is rotation and upward tilting of the petrous temporal bones, giving a “towered” petrous ridges appearance.6,7 The IAC-IAC angle is reduced, ranging from 110° to 129° (normal 157–175°). The IACs are normal. Additionally, the cochlea rotates in relation to the middle ear cavity, leading to a vertically oriented geniculate ganglion. However, the cochlea is morphologically normal. The vestibules are also rotated, leading to a downward-directed oval window.6 Middle ear ossicles are usually normal in size and morphology. However, secondary to the rotation, the malleus body and long process of incus project into the axial images, giving a broader ice cream cone appearance. The external acoustic canal (EAC) is rotated to a lesser extent than the medial temporal bone, leading to an abnormal orientation of the EAC and tympanic membrane with the lateral labyrinth wall at the time of clinical exam. Instead of encountering the promontory from the EAC as the tympanic membrane is reflected, the examiner is either not able to see the promontory or at best is able to see its inferior margin. The bony structure in the way is the scutum. On imaging, the scutum points downwards below the level of the promontory. The Körner septum becomes more horizontally rotated.6 The carotid canal is foreshortened with medialization of the distal ends. The ascending portion of the carotid canal is medially angulated instead of having a normal vertical orientation.6
Transient anisocoria after a traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: A case report
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Paul Overdorf, Gary J. Farkas, Natasha Romanoski
The sympathetic innervation to the eye is from the superior cervical ganglion (Fig. 1). The superior cervical ganglion lies anterior to the transverse processes of the second and third cervical vertebra. Anterior to the ganglion lies the carotid sheath with the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve, while the longus capitis muscle is found posterior to the ganglion. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion are distributed onto the internal carotid artery and help to form the internal carotid nerve plexus, which ascends on the internal carotid artery into the carotid canal to enter the cranial cavity (Fig. 1).11 Once in the cranial cavity, postganglionic fibers from the internal carotid nerve plexus travel on the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, while other fibers continue from the internal carotid nerve plexus as the sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion.12 The sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion traverses the ciliary ganglion without synapsing (Fig. 1). These nerves then travel on the short ciliary nerves of the ciliary ganglion to the eye where they innervate the dilator pupillae muscle. Some of these postganglionic sympathetic fibers also travel on the long ciliary nerve, a nerve branch of the nasociliary nerve, to reach the eye (Fig. 1). Sympathetic activation of the dilator pupillae muscle dilates the pupil.11,12
Delineation atlas of the Circle of Willis and the large intracranial arteries for evaluation of doses to neurovascular structures in pediatric brain tumor patients treated with radiation therapy
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
L. Toussaint, S. Peters, R. Mikkelsen, S. Karabegovic, C. Bäumer, L. P. Muren, L. Tram-Henriksen, M. Høyer, Y. Lassen-Ramshad, B. Timmermann
An atlas of the large intracranial arteries including all individual arteries of the CW, the first segment of the Middle Cerebral Artery (M1), the Internal Carotid Artery from the carotid canal level and the complete Basilar Artery was developed by neuroradiologists. Guidelines for the delineation of the SC, that is a suprasellar space containing among other structures the chiasm and the CW, were also established. The delineations of the cerebral arteries were based on T2 MRI-scans, while the SC was contoured both on CT- and T2 MRI-scans. Guidelines for the delineation process of the intracranial large vessels with illustrations of the relevant landmarks are proposed in Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure 1, while the SC delineations are shown in Supplementary Figure 2.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cranial Cavity
- Foramen Lacerum
- Internal Carotid Artery
- Internal Carotid Plexus
- Middle Cranial Fossa
- Petrous Part of The Temporal Bone
- Skull
- Temporal Bone
- Petrous Part of The Temporal Bone
- Greater Wing of Sphenoid Bone
- Basilar Part of Occipital Bone