Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology
Massimo Maffei in Vetiveria, 2002
The structure of parenchymatic bundle sheath (BS) is particularly important in distinguishing C3 and C4 grasses. A commonly mentioned anatomical feature of C4 plants is the orderly arrangement of mesophyll cells with reference to the bundle sheath, the two together forming concentric layers around the vascular bundle.
Free serratus anterior fascial flap combined with vascularized scapular bone for reconstruction of dorsal hand and finger defects
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2018
Takeshi Kitazawa, Masato Shiba, Kazuhiro Tsunekawa
The flap is harvested from the contralateral, uninjured side. The patient is placed in a semi-lateral position on the affected side with the uninvolved arm elevated and supported, and the injured hand is placed on the hand table. A lazy zigzag incision is made from the axillary fold to the level of the eighth or ninth rib and the lateral and anterior margins of the latissimus dorsi muscle are identified. The plane between the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles is developed to expose the vascular bundle and the long thoracic nerve running along the surface of the serratus anterior muscle. The areolar tissue must be kept with the serratus muscle, not with the latissimus muscle. Dissection of the thoracodorsal artery is continued in retrograde fashion to its origin at the subscapular bifurcation. The branch to the latissimus muscle is encountered and ligated, and the angular branch is dissected to the lateral border of the scapula, then preserved. After the vascular pedicle is mobilized to the required length, the serratus fascia and overlying areolar tissue of the required size are lifted off the muscle from ventrally to dorsally.
Therapeutic potential of Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) on ageing induced damage in dorsal nerve of the penis and its implication on erectile function: an experimental study using albino rats
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Prakash Seppan, Ibrahim Muhammed, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Ganesh Lakshmanan, Dinesh Premavathy, Sakthi Jothi Muthu, Khayinmi Wungmarong Shimray, Sathya Bharathy Sathyanathan
At the end of the experimental period, the conduction velocity of DNP was studied using the procedure described by Calaresu [15] and Schaumburg et al. [16]. Briefly, animals were anesthetized by using ketamine (10 mg/kg b.w.) and DNP was exposed by a vertical incision from 1 cm above the root of the penis to the tip of the prepuce. The DNP was identified and was detached from the vascular bundle and the fascia. All the surgical procedure was done under aseptic condition. Stainless steel hook electrode was used (two stimulators and recorders each and one ground). The stimulator was inserted in the glands penis and the recorder was placed in such a way to hook the DNP at the level of the root of the penis (1.5 cm) and was made sure that it does not contact any other place of the animal body. One electrode was used as ground and it was placed in the middle of the stimulator and the recorder electrodes. The stimulation was given at two different points at an interval of 2 cm, one in the base and one in the tip of the penis. To calculate the conduction velocity, the difference between the latencies onset obtained at the two points is divided by the distance between the two points. It is calculated in meters per second (m/sec) by using the Equation (1).
Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap Procedure in a Swine Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Joanna W. Etra, Samuel A. J. Fidder, Christopher M. Frost, Franka Messner, Yinan Guo, Dalibor Vasilic, Sarah E. Beck, Steven Bonawitz, Gerald Brandacher, Damon S. Cooney
The muscle is bordered by the slightly superficially overlapping trapezius muscle cranial-dorsally, the underlying serratus on the caudal and ventral sides, and the triceps muscle where the tendon dives to insert onto the humerus (Figures 1 and 3, Panel 3). The latissimus muscle fans from its insertion in the posterior axillary fold superficial to a fascial layer. The neurovascular bundle – containing the thoracodorsal artery, vein, and nerve – is found on the deep surface of the muscle superficial to the fascia (Figure 4). The pedicle runs deep to the teres major and enters the latissimus muscle distal to its tendon origin [17,18]. The thoracodorsal nerve – which supplies the motor innervation for the latissimus muscle – runs parallel to the vascular bundle inserting slightly more cranially. The nerve is easily identified and accessed for a neurotized flap model.