Trunk Muscles
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo in Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Peikert et al. (2015) studied the relationship between bulbospongiosus and the external anal sphincter through MRI of 43 male individuals and the study of six male cadavers and classified the relationship into five variants. Variant 1 was present in 2 out of 6 cadavers (~33%) and 14 out of 43 MRI patients (32.6%) and demonstrated a bridge-like muscular connection between the two muscles with connective tissue separating the muscles cranially. Variant 2 was present in 2 out of 6 cadavers (~33%) and 6 out of 43 MRI patients (~14%) and demonstrated direct contact between the two muscles. Variant 3 was present in none of the cadavers (0%) and in 9 out of 43 MRI patients (~21%) and demonstrated ventral fibers of the external anal sphincter reaching the bulbospongiosus muscle median raphe via connective tissue without forming a muscular continuity. Variant 4 was present in 1 out of 6 cadavers (~16.7%) and 7 out of 43 MRI patients (~16.3%) and demonstrated a combination of variants 1 and 2, or 2 and 3. Variant 5 was present in 1 out of 6 cadavers (~16.7%) and 7 out of 43 MRI patients (~16.3%) and demonstrated no muscular or connective tissue connection between the bulbospongiosus and the external anal sphincter. In this last case, the origin of the bulbospongiosus muscle was in the dense connective tissue of the body of the perineum (Peikert et al. 2015).
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple in Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
The Bulbospongiosus muscle covers the penis bulb.The bulb continues as the corpus spongiosum.Lies ventrally between the two dorsal corpora cavernosa, forming the penile shaft.The corpus spongiosum continues distally, expands to form the glans, and covers the corporal tips.
The Conception Vessel (CV)
Narda G. Robinson in Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Bulbospongiosus muscle: Supports the perineal body. In males, it assists erection by compressing outflow veins and pushing blood into the penis. It also compresses the bulb of the penis after ejaculation to expel the final drops of urine or semen. In females, it supplies the sphincter of the vagina and assists in clitoral erection.
Comparison of self-reported ability to perform Kegel’s exercise pre- and post-coital penetration in postpartum women
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Chidiebele Petronilla Ojukwu, Ginikachukwu Theresa Nsoke, Stephen Ede, Anne Uruchi Ezeigwe, Sylvester Caesar Chukwu, Emelie Morris Anekwu
Coital penetration involves physical contact and pressure within the vaginal walls and its surrounding muscles, considering that structurally and functionally, some of the pelvic muscles are closely related to the vagina and they work as a functional unit [30,31]. The bulbospongiosus muscle lies on its lateral wall while the transverse (deep and superficial) perineal muscle lies posteriorly. These muscles support the structure of the vagina and in conjunction with other pelvic floor muscles (PFM), partake in the rhythmic contractions in the perineal region during orgasm. It is possible that the thrusting movement of the penis during sexual intercourse will lead to intermittent stretching of these muscles which may affect their contractile abilities. Kelleher and Cardozo [32] posited that penetrative intercourse in humans is associated with considerable displacement of the female pelvic anatomy.
Non-transecting urethroplasty in patients with bulbar urethral strictures shorter than three centimeters
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2023
Muhammet Şahin Yılmaz, Alihan Kokurcan, Fahrettin Şamil Uysal, Görkem Özenç, Fatih Yalçınkaya
All patients were given preoperative prophylactic antibiotic therapy by intravenous injection of a third-generation cephalosporin. This prophylactic therapy continued during the postoperative inpatient stay until discharge. Subsequently, the patients were switched to oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice a day after discharge and remained on this treatment until urethral catheter removal. They were all placed in social lithotomy positions and operated under general anesthesia. The perineal region was prepped with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol solutions. The bulbospongiosus muscle was exposed after making a vertical perineal incision. The plane between the bulbospongiosus muscle and urethra was exposed by incision of the Gallaudet fascia. The bulbar urethra was freed by dissection, and a 20 F Foley urethral catheter was advanced to determine the distal end of the stricture. A dorsal stricturotomy incision was made starting from the distal end of the stricture and extending along the length of the stricture until reaching the normal urethra (Figure 1). The stenotic segments of the urethra and corpus spongiosum were excised (Figure 2). The proximal and distal ends were spatulated. The 20 F Foley urethral catheter was advanced towards the urinary bladder. The anastomosis was performed both on the urethral mucosa and corpus spongiosum. A bomb drain was placed. All anatomical layers were closed separately. The drain was removed once there was no more drainage postoperatively. Patients were discharged after drain removal. A pericathater retrograde urethrogram was performed two weeks after surgery, and the Foley catheter was removed in case there was no extravasation.
Phase I and phase II clinical trials for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction—a systematic review of the literature
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Paolo Capogrosso, Francesco Montorsi, Andrea Salonia
Trials investigating novel medical treatments for PE are reported in Table 3. Currently, dapoxetine is the only approved oral drug for the treatment of PE, although several SSRIs have been investigated and some of them are used as off-label compounds in PE patients [13]. The effect of SSRIs on ejaculation is based on the increased activity of serotonergic cells in the nucleus paragigantocellularis, which leads to the inhibition of the expulsion phase of ejaculation by modulating the bulbospongiosus muscle activity, and to the impairment of the emission phase by blocking the rise in seminal vesicle pressure [36]. Beside dapoxetine, the benefit of other SSRIs is controversial because of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability profile of these drugs [13]. Shin et al. have recently reported the results of a phase I trial investigating the safety of different doses of DA-8031, a new highly selective SSRIs [37]. Preclinical studies have shown that the low affinity of DA-8031 for other receptors may contribute to fewer side effects compared to other SSRIs [38]. The authors tested a single administration of seven different doses from 20 to 120 mg in 70 healthy men: results showed that the drug was well tolerated up to 80 mg, with the most frequent AE being nausea, reported by 11 cases, followed by orthostatic hypotension in nine cases. Given the previous evidence of QTc interval prolongation associated with SSRIs, the authors looked also at the ECG of treated patients: significant prolongation of the QTc interval was observed only with the 120 mg dose. In terms of pharmacokinetics, the drug showed a t1/2 of 17.9–28.7 h, which appears suitable for a once-daily regimen.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Muscle
- Perineal Nerve
- Pudendal Nerve
- Perineum
- Bulb of Penis
- Bulb of Vestibule
- Anus
- Perineal Raphe
- Transverse Perineal Muscles
- Vaginal Support Structures