Adapting Injection Techniques to Different Regions
Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Anand V Chytra, Nicholas Moellhoff, Zeenit Sheikh in Adapting Dermal Fillers in Clinical Practice, 2022
The medial and the lateral cheeks comprise the anatomic area lateral to the nose. It is majorly affected by age-related changes, as the underlying bone and the overlying soft tissues undergo substantial transformation during a lifetime. The underlying bone is affected by bone remodeling and recedes over time. Similarly, the height of the midface decreases over time, which causes the overlying soft tissues to descend. The descent in midfacial soft tissues mimics a loss of volume that is, however, only a partial cause of the age-affected midface. An inadequate strategy to restore a youthful face would be to volumize this region instead of lifting and repositioning the midfacial soft tissues. Relative volume changes with age and does not always proceed as reduction. More and younger patients ask for cheek enhancement because of suboptimal contours regardless of loss or even insufficiency. Filling with fillers where it looks deficient might not always be a success in patients with aging-related tissue descent. Anatomical knowledge gives us understanding of the reasons behind different morphological problems, not a map to fill something back in where the depression originates.
Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Bone remodeling occurs throughout a person’s life, and involves bone resorption followed by replacement, with little change in shape [55]. Repeated stress, such as weight-bearing exercise or bone healing, results in bone thickening at the points of maximum stress. Bone remodeling involves removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by formation of matrix that becomes mineralized by osteoblasts. As shown in Figure 11.10, the remodeling cycle consists of several phases: resorption, during which osteoclasts digest old bone; reversal, when mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface; and formation, when osteoblasts lay down new bone. Remodeling adjusts the bone architecture to meet changing mechanical needs and helps to repair micro-damages in the bone matrix. It also plays a role in maintaining plasma calcium homeostasis.
Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in Pregnancy
Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak in Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
The skeletal structure helps in movement, provides support and protects organs, synthesizes platelets and RBC and WBC, and serves as storage for minerals, for example, calcium. The skeleton is made up of connective tissues including bones, ligaments, and tendons. Bones are comprised of a periosteum that encompasses a smaller bone, which encompasses the trabecular bone. Bone marrow resides inside the trabecular bone. Bone tissue cells are osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Bone is a living tissue that adjusts to mechanical pressure through the remodeling procedure. Bone remodeling is a multifaceted procedure including four stages: osteocyte activation, osteoclast-intervened bone resorption, surface formation, and osteoblast-mediated bone structure. The bone remodeling process requires certain supplements, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, vitamin D, and vitamin K7.
Efficacy and safety of sodium RISedronate for glucocorticoid-induced OsTeoporosis with rheumaTOid arthritis (RISOTTO study): A multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2021
Yuichiro Fujieda, Tetsuya Horita, Naoki Nishimoto, Kazuhide Tanimura, Yoshiharu Amasaki, Hideki Kasahara, Shin Furukawa, Tsuyoshi Takeda, Shinji Fukaya, Kazuo Matsui, Akito Tsutsumi, Akira Furusaki, Akira Sagawa, Kou Katayama, Kaoru Takeuchi, Kazuaki Katsumata, Takashi Kurita, Peter Shane, Masaru Kato, Kenji Oku, Shinsuke Yasuda, Masahiko Takahata, Norimasa Iwasaki, Tatsuya Atsumi
Management of osteoporosis complicated with RA is harder than other diseases, since RA itself affects bone metabolism. Bone remodeling is a process by which old bone is replaced by new bone, resulting in the renewal of the skeleton approximately every 10 years. The homeostasis of bone metabolism is orchestrated by osteoclasts and osteoblasts [20]. However, the maturation of osteoclasts in RA is enhanced by inflammatory cytokine in an osteoblast-independent manner [1]. The inflammation of the synovial tissues promotes osteoclastogensis that leads to both focal articular bone erosion at the site of pannus formation and systemic bone loss. Further, GC use for anti-inflammation has a devastating effect on bone in patients with especially active RA. GIO complicated with RA requires the most difficult management. The best management for GIO complicated with RA is keeping low disease activity of RA as well as maintaining high BMD.
Regulation of bone and fat balance by Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in ovariectomized mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xiaoyan Qin, Qiu Wei, Ran An, Yun Yang, Mingqi Cai, Xiaoling Han, Haoping Mao, Xiumei Gao
Bone remodeling is a process that consists of bone resorption by osteoclast and bone formation by osteoblast. Osteoclasts can be differentiated from bone marrow monocytes under the effect of M-CSF and RANKL. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are another kind of important cells that are responsible for the formation of bone tissue and the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Bone marrow-derived BMMSCs constitute the pluripotent cell population in the bone marrow (Georgiou et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2021). Under certain conditions, BMMSCs differentiate into various cells, such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes (Ji et al. 2020). RUNX2 and PPARγ are two canonical markers of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation from BMMSCs, respectively. It represents a typical reciprocal relationship in bone marrow (Jang et al. 2020). When adipocyte differentiation increases, there is a corresponding decrease in osteoblast differentiation; this reduces the ability to form bone and disrupts the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, resulting in decreased bone mineral and bone mass (Griffith et al. 2006; Yu et al. 2018). Therefore, it is critical to maintain bone health by effectively inhibiting the differentiation of BMMSCs into adipocytes.
The role of imaging in early diagnosis and prevention of joint damage in inflammatory arthritis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Jiang Yue, Dongze Wu, Lai-Shan Tam
Bone remodeling is the process whereby a healthy skeleton is constantly renewed throughout the adult life. This lifelong process under physiological conditions is maintained by two different cell types: osteoblast and osteoclast, which exhibit totally distinct functions. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are unique in their ability to resorb bone. They originate from hematopoietic mononuclear precursor cells, which, upon the influence of specific signals, such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), undergo a series of differentiation steps to become mature osteoclasts. During this differentiation and maturation process, osteoclasts acquire specific markers such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), fuse to form multinucleated giant cells, and polarize upon contact with bone [8]. Osteoclastogenesis is dependent on an adequate microenvironment and certain cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, which further enhance osteoclast differentiation. Mesenchymal cells, such as preosteoblasts, express M-CSF and RANKL and can induce osteoclast formation, indicating the close interaction between bone formation and bone resorption [9].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Bone Resorption
- Osteology
- Skeleton
- Ossification
- Bone Fracture
- Osteoporosis
- Osteoblast
- Homeostasis
- Microdamage In Bone